“…Consequently, it is essential to perform functional modifications on the surface of the Ti substrate, primarily achieved through the assembly of coatings to realize surface functionalization. For instance, coatings impregnated with antibiotics are commonly employed to avert potential infections, whereas coatings made from inorganic nonmetal materials are recognized for their ability to promote the process of osteointegration . The techniques available for coating assembly are myriad and encompass advanced methods such as 3D printing, sintering technology, and biomimetic approaches …”