Trifolium

Williams, W. M.; Nichols, S. N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14387-8_13

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The complex includes several other species in section Trifoliastrum [8,23]: T. nigrescens T. ambiguum T. uniflorum, T. isthmocarpum and T. thalii [24]. Although hybridization between T. pallescens and T. occidentale appears to have been the main factor in the origin of white clover, some introgression from other species in the complex may also have occurred.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding

et al. 2012

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BackgroundWhite clover (Trifolium repens) is a ubiquitous weed of the temperate world that through use of improved cultivars has also become the most important legume of grazed pastures world-wide. It has long been suspected to be allotetraploid, but the diploid ancestral species have remained elusive. Putative diploid ancestors were indicated by DNA sequence phylogeny to be T. pallescens and T. occidentale. Here, we use further DNA evidence as well as a combination of molecular cytogenetics (FISH and GISH) and experimental hybridization to test the hypothesis that white clover originated as a hybrid between T. pallescens and T. occidentale.ResultsT. pallescens plants were identified with chloroplast trnL intron DNA sequences identical to those of white clover. Similarly, T. occidentale plants with nuclear ITS sequences identical to white clover were also identified. Reciprocal GISH experiments, alternately using labeled genomic DNA probes from each of the putative ancestral species on the same white clover cells, showed that half of the chromosomes hybridized with each probe. F1 hybrids were generated by embryo rescue and these showed strong interspecific chromosome pairing and produced a significant frequency of unreduced gametes, indicating the likely mode of polyploidization. The F1 hybrids are inter-fertile with white clover and function as synthetic white clovers, a valuable new resource for the re-incorporation of ancestral genomes into modern white clover for future plant breeding.ConclusionsEvidence from DNA sequence analyses, molecular cytogenetics, interspecific hybridization and breeding experiments supports the hypothesis that a diploid alpine species (T. pallescens) hybridized with a diploid coastal species (T. occidentale) to generate tetraploid T. repens. The coming together of these two narrowly adapted species (one alpine and the other maritime), along with allotetraploidy, has led to a transgressive hybrid with a broad adaptive range.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding

et al. 2012

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“…We chose to focus our sampling efforts on white clover ( Trifolium repens L.), an herbaceous perennial plant that is geographically widespread in temperate regions, ranging from the subarctic to the subtropical [23, 24]. Originally cultivated in the 16 th century in the Netherlands [25], this legume serves as a vital forage crop but also thrives as a weedy species in disturbed, moist areas, particularly mowed lawns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a cover crop and companion to grass species, it is often used to enrich the soil, because it is capable of symbiotically fixing atmospheric nitrogen [26]. As an obligate outbreeding allotetraploid, cultivars and natural populations of T. repens are extremely diverse [24, 27, 28]. Additionally, since T. repens has extensive natural populations and often grows—intentionally planted or not—in and around farms, it may act as a reservoir for viruses that infect agricultural plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA virus diversity in a phyllosphere microbial community

Bono

Orton

Peredo

et al. 2019

Preprint

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24Although metagenomics reveals that natural virus communities harbor vast genetic diversity, the 25 spatiotemporal dynamics of viral diversity in the wild are seldom tested, especially across small 26 geographic scales. This problem is usefully examined in the above-ground phyllosphere, because 27 terrestrial plants are frequently infected by taxonomically-diverse RNA viruses, whose elevated 28 mutation rates generate abundant allele diversity. Here, we studied the problem by comparative 29 analysis of RNA virus samples over time from three spatially-separated patches of a common 30 perennial legume, white clover (Trifolium repens L.), growing in a grassy lawn in Woods Hole 31 Village (Falmouth, MA, USA). We predicted that clover samples would show similarly high 32 levels of virus species (alpha) diversity across space, but differing among-patch diversity of non-33 dominant virus taxa over time (4 samples spanning 6 weeks). Results showed that recognizable 34 alpha diversity in clover patches was consistently dominated by RNA virus family 35 Alphaflexiviridae across space, but that all patches showed inconsistent spatiotemporal presence 36 of a diversity of minority virus families. Also, we observed that white clover mosaic virus 37 (WClMV) dominated all patches across space and time. The high coverage of WClMV fostered 38 an haplotype analysis, which revealed that two strains of the virus consistently infected clover 39 plants during the 6-week period. 40 41 43 Viruses numerically dominate biological entities on Earth and may represent the majority 44 of its genetic diversity as well [1, 2]. Viruses can alter microbial community structure [3] and 45 colonization [4] and impact food webs. Their effects also scale up, driving global geochemical 46 cycles [5, 6]. However, virus sampling across different natural environments is uneven. Marine 47 systems are perhaps the best studied to date [7], making it crucial to examine non-marine and 48 terrestrial communities (but see [4, 8]). Understanding the viral communities of the phyllosphere 49 (above-ground terrestrial plant biomass) has important implications for food safety, e.g. 50 outbreaks of food-borne human pathogens, such as hepatitis A virus and norovirus, have been 51 associated with fresh produce [9]. Furthermore, the broadscale ecological and evolutionary 52 implications of plant viruses is largely unknown, even though viral infections have been detected 53 in a variety of wild plants [10]. Even a seemingly basic question about the nature of viral 54 communities associated with plants remains unknown: will the same viruses be observed today 55 as they will tomorrow, the next week, et cetera? 56 Plant viruses face unique challenges when infecting their hosts, which can potentially 57 drive the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their microbial communities. The plant cell 58 wall is particularly difficult to breach; viruses can avoid this issue either through vertical 59 transmission, or by relying on passive, mechanical damage to plant cell walls, m...

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“…However, according to some researchers, intraspecies variation in this case is far from resolved. 2,3,6 , 7 Some researchers 7,8 and plant databases 9,10 follow the classification of Zohary and Heller; 2 nevertheless, in other publications 6,11 and databases 12, 13 T. medium var. sarosiense appears as a T. sarosiense that is classified as a taxon separate from T. medium.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triterpene Saponins from the Aerial Parts of Trifolium medium L. var.sarosiense

Pawelec

Jędrejek

Kowalczyk

et al. 2013

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Seven previously unreported triterpene glycosides (1−7) were isolated from methanol extract of the aerial parts of Trifolium medium var. sarosiense (zigzag clover). Their structures were established by the extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR experiments along with ESI-MS and HRMS analyses. Compounds 1−7 are oleanane derivatives characterized by the presence of a keto group at C-22 of an aglycone and a primary alcoholic function at C-24 and differing functions at C-30. Among these, compounds 1−3 and 6 showed a secondary alcoholic function at C-11, which is methoxylated in compounds 4 and 7.Compound 5 was shown to possess a known aglycone, wistariasapogenol A; however, it is described here for the first time as a saponin constituent of the Trifolium genus. Some aspects of taxonomic classification of zigzag clover are also discussed.

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Trifolium

Cited by 11 publications

References 110 publications

Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding

Experimental evidence for the ancestry of allotetraploid Trifolium repens and creation of synthetic forms with value for plant breeding

Spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA virus diversity in a phyllosphere microbial community

Triterpene Saponins from the Aerial Parts of Trifolium medium L. var.sarosiense

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