Trickle-Plus: Elastic Trickle algorithm for Low-power networks and Internet of Things

Ghaleb, Baraq; Al‐Dubai, Ahmed; Ekonomou, Elias; Paechter, Ben; Qasem, Mamoun

doi:10.1109/wcncw.2016.7552683

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The trickle technique has two significant drawbacks: expanding high energy to configure a network or having a long convergence time with low energy. Ghaleb et al [22] introduced a novel solution to solve these problems and created a new technique, which is called trickle plus. The main objective of this study [22] was to have low energy consumption when composing a network regarding the short convergence time by inserting three configuration parameters.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic Hop Count Trickle Timer Algorithm in Internet of Things

Masadeh

Al-Saaidah

Masa'deh³

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that allows machines to communicate with each other without the need for human interaction. Usually, IoT devices are connected via a network. A wide range of network technologies are required to make the IoT concept operate successfully; as a result, protocols at various network layers are used. One of the most extensively used network layer routing protocols is the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). One of the primary components of RPL is the trickle timer method. The trickle algorithm directly impacts the time it takes for control messages to arrive. It has a listen-only period, which causes load imbalance and delays for nodes in the trickle algorithm. By making the trickle timer method run dynamically based on hop count, this research proposed a novel way of dealing with the difficulties of the traditional algorithm, which is called the Elastic Hop Count Trickle Timer Algorithm. Simulation experiments have been implemented using the Contiki Cooja 3.0 simulator to study the performance of RPL employing the dynamic trickle timer approach. Simulation results proved that the proposed algorithm outperforms the results of the traditional trickle algorithm, dynamic algorithm, and e-trickle algorithm in terms of consumed power, convergence time, and packet delivery ratio.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastic Hop Count Trickle Timer Algorithm in Internet of Things

Masadeh

Al-Saaidah

Masa'deh³

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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“…In GVA-P2P-RPL, only a few nodes in the whole network participate in the route discovery, which reduces the routing overheads but results in longer route discovery time. The purpose of the standard trickle algorithm is to effectively suppress redundant message transmissions [21]. P2P-RPL requires such a suppression mechanism to be strictly in action because all nodes participate in the route discovery.…”

Section: Greedy Forwarding and Void Handling Point-to-point Rpl In 3d...mentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Void Handling Geographic P2P-RPL for Indoor Multi-Hop IR-UWB Networks

2022

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IETF has standardized the point-to-point RPL (P2P-RPL) to ensure reliable and optimal P2P route discovery for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). P2P-RPL propagates route discovery packets to all nodes in the network, which results in high routing communication overheads. Recently, other RPL-based P2P routing algorithms have been proposed to reduce such overheads, but still, quite an amount of overheads occur due to their flooding-based approach. In real life 3D environments, a larger number of nodes should be deployed to guarantee the full network connectivity, and thus the flooding strategy incurs higher overheads. In effort to alleviate high overheads, geographic routing is an attractive solution that exploits the nodes’ geographic locations in its next-hop routing selection. However, geographic routing inherently suffers from the local minimum (void) problem following greedy next-hop selection. Local minima occur more often in 3D space, and therefore, a reliable 3D void handling technique is required. In this paper, we propose greedy forwarding and void handling point-to-point RPL with adaptive trickle timer (GVA-P2P-RPL), which is a novel RPL-based P2P routing protocol that quickly discovers energy-efficient and reliable P2P routes in 3D networks. In GVA-P2P-RPL, P2P-RPL is modified to greedily forward routing packets when it is possible. IR-UWB-based 3D multi-hop self-positioning is conducted in advance to obtain the geographical location of each node. When local minima are encountered, routing packets are temporarily broadcast just like in the traditional P2P-RPL. A new trickle algorithm called adaptive trickle timer (ATT) is also presented to reduce route discovery time and provide better collision avoidance effects. The performance of GVA-P2P-RPL is compared with that of P2P-RPL, partial flooding-based P2P-RPL (PF-P2P-RPL) and ER-RPL. It shows significant improvements in route discovery overheads and route discovery time against these state-of-the-art RPL-based P2P routing methods in 3D environments. Performance evaluation in the special network case where a huge 3D void volume exists in the center is also presented to show the strong void recovery capability of the proposed GVA-P2P-RPL in 3D environments.

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“…Moreover, most of the conventional schemes lack in considering the network stability issue due to the consideration of network traffic related metrics, since those metrics are changed dynamically, and so the DODAG structure is hanged frequently. The proposed Trickle-plus algorithm in [19] aims at minimizing energy consumption and improving the lifetime of the network. The trickle-plus algorithm considers three configuration parameters, such as shift factor, Ishift start, and Ishift end.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Balancing in RPL to Avoid Hotspot Problem for Improving Data Aggregation in IoT

Arunachalam¹,

Nallamothu²

2021

IJIES

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Data aggregation plays a vital role in the Internet of Things (IoT), and it aggregates the collected sensor data from devices to suppress redundant data transmissions. Many-to-one traffic pattern in the IoT induces hotspot problem and inefficient data aggregation. The Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) in the network layer impacts the hotspot problem due to the frequent usage of forwarding nodes and load imbalance. The processes of network layer protocol, such as trickle algorithm and Objective Functions (OF) for Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) construction, need more attention to avoid hotspot for efficient data aggregation. This work proposes a Load Balanced RPL (LoB-RPL) protocol to avoid hotspot creation using a composite metric based parent selection, DODAG construction, and local topology adaptive decision on trickle parameters. The LoBRPL improves the Minimum Hop with Hysteresis Objective Function(MRHOF) using the composite metric based parent selection and tunes the parameters of the Trickle algorithm. It ensures efficient maintenance of DODAG structure, hotspot avoidance, and unnecessary DIO transmissions. Beyond the advantages of composite metric based parent selection, consideration of dynamic parameters may induce frequent parent switching in RPL. To avoid frequent changes in the DODAG structure, the LoB-RPL optimally decides the parent switching threshold. Thus, the proposed work ensures a load-balanced and an energy-efficient RPL routing as well as data aggregation in the IoT environment. The LoB-RPL delivers outperforming results compared to the base RPL under various inter-packet interval time over 50 node topologies.

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Trickle-Plus: Elastic Trickle algorithm for Low-power networks and Internet of Things

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Elastic Hop Count Trickle Timer Algorithm in Internet of Things

Elastic Hop Count Trickle Timer Algorithm in Internet of Things

3D Void Handling Geographic P2P-RPL for Indoor Multi-Hop IR-UWB Networks

Load Balancing in RPL to Avoid Hotspot Problem for Improving Data Aggregation in IoT

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