Trick or Treat: The Role of Vaccines in Integrated Schistosomiasis Control

Bergquist, Robert; Utzinger, Jürg; McManus, Donald P.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000244

Cited by 100 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although we still know very little about the protective mechanisms required to engineer an efficacious recombinant vaccine for human schistosomiasis, the analysis of human antibody and cytokine responses to candidate vaccine antigens is potentially a creditable way for establishing bona fide vaccine candidates (16). One such study, carried out over several years in areas in Egypt where schistosomiasis mansoni is endemic (7), focused on 10 of the most promising S. mansoni vaccine antigens.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. The TGD will result in changes in the water level and silt deposition downstream, favoring the reproduction of Oncomelania snails. Combined with blockages of the Yangtze River's tributaries, these changes will increase the schistosomiasis transmission season within the marshlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. This review discusses aspects of the epidemiology and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China and considers the pathology, clinical outcomes, diagnosis, treatment, immunobiology, and genetics of schistosomiasis japonica together with an overview of current progress in vaccine development, all of which will have an impact on future control efforts. The use of synchronous praziquantel (PZQ) chemotherapy for humans and domestic animals is only temporarily effective, as schistosome reinfection occurs rapidly. Drug delivery requires a substantial infrastructure to regularly cover all parts of an area of endemicity. This makes chemotherapy expensive and, as compliance is often low, a less than satisfactory control option. There is increasing disquiet about the possibility that PZQ-resistant schistosomes will develop. Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. With the inclusion of focal mollusciciding, improvements in sanitation, and health education into the control scenario, China's target of reducing the level of schistosome infection to less than 1% by 2015 may be achievable.

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Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam

et al. 2010

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“…However, no suitable vaccine has yet been developed that confers more than partial protection against infection. 7 Membrane proteins including receptors, ion-binding proteins, immunomodulatory molecules, and enzymes accessible to the human immune system likely represent suitable vaccine targets. 8 Recently investigators have demonstrated that some recombinant Schistosoma spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni Infection in an Endemic Area of Bahia, Brazil

Oliveira¹,

Figueiredo²,

Cardoso³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Detailed knowledge of factors associated with resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic areas might facilitate more effective schistosomiasis control. We conducted a cross-sectional study of persons resistant to schistosomiasis and found no association between socioeconomic status and resistance to infection. Mononuclear cells of resistant subjects produced higher levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13 and interferon-g upon stimulation with soluble egg antigen (SEA) compared with infected persons. When stimulated with Sm21.6 or Sm22.6, levels of IL-10 were higher in cell culture of resistant persons. Levels of IgE against soluble adult worm antigen (SWAP) and against interleukin-4-inducing principle from S. mansoni eggs (IPSE) and levels of IgG4 against SWAP, SEA, and Sm22.6 were lower in the resistant group compared with the susceptible group. Our data suggest that socioeconomic status could not fully explain resistance to S. mansoni infection observed in the studied area. However, a mixture of Th1 and Th2 immune responses and low levels of specific IgG4 against parasite antigens could be mediating resistance to infection.

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“…The alternative, a subunit vaccine, has thus been promoted as an important alternative strategy for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis (Bergquist et al, 2008;McManus and Loukas, 2008;Loukas et al, 2011;Kupferschmidt, 2013).…”

Section: Prevention Of Schistosomiasisvaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the high level of protection available with radiation-attenuated vaccines, the unstable lifespan, delivery problems and safety problems of these modified cercariae makes them unsuitable for further development as a vaccine (Bergquist et al, 2008). Therefore, efforts have been directed to discover and identify suitable protective antigens from schistosomes, leading to the development of recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, peptide-epitope-based vaccines, multivalent vaccines and chimeric vaccines (McManus and Loukas, 2008).…”

Section: Prevention Of Schistosomiasisvaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During this time, the cercaria undergoes an extensive remodelling of its surface body wall, the tegument and becomes transcriptionally active for a series of molecules associated with surface dynamics and nutrient absorption (Gobert et al, 2009b), compared with the cercaria. Indeed, some of the promising vaccine candidates come from this tissue, and it seems that vaccine targeting of this layer is crucial for parasite killing.Despite the high level of protection available with radiation-attenuated vaccines, the unstable lifespan, delivery problems and safety problems of these modified cercariae makes them unsuitable for further development as a vaccine (Bergquist et al, 2008). Therefore, efforts have been directed to discover and identify suitable protective antigens from schistosomes, leading to the development of recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, peptide-epitope-based vaccines, multivalent vaccines and chimeric vaccines (McManus and Loukas, 2008).…”

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Structure–function analysis of apical membrane‐associated molecules of the tegument of schistosome parasites of humans: prospects for identification of novel targets for parasite control

Leow

Willis

Hofmann

et al. 2014

British J Pharmacology

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Neglected tropical diseases are a group of some 17 diseases that afflict poor and predominantly rural people in developing nations. One significant disease that contributes to substantial morbidity in endemic areas is schistosomiasis, caused by infection with one of five species of blood fluke belonging to the trematode genus Schistosoma. Although there is one drug available for treatment of affected individuals in clinics, or for mass administration in endemic regions, there is a need for new therapies. A prominent target organ of schistosomes, either for drug or vaccine development, is the peculiar epithelial syncytium that forms the body wall (tegument) of this parasite. This dynamic layer is maintained and organized by concerted activity of a range of proteins, among which are the abundant tegumentary annexins. In this review, we will outline advances in structure-function analyses of these annexins, as a means to understanding tegument cell biology in host-parasite interaction and their potential exploitation as targets for anti-schistosomiasis therapies. LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Annexins VII Programme. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-7 Abbreviations Anx, annexin; NTDs, neglected tropical diseases; RA, radiation attenuated; Sm, Schistosoma mansoni; TEMs, tetraspanin-enriched microdomains; TSP, tetraspanin Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)NTDs include some 17 lesser known chronic infections that affect poor and disenfranchised people, primarily, but not exclusively, in developing nations (Hotez et al., 2007;Hotez and Fenwick, 2009). Chronic infections caused by NTDs lead to many adverse outcomes in affected populations and contribute substantially to human morbidity. In addition to microbial and protozoan diseases, NTDs include a number of helminth infections, such as diseases caused by flatworm parasites, notably schistosomiasis, echinococcosis and liver fluke diseases, as well as roundworm parasites, such as the major soil transmitted helminth infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm diseases). Although no individual NTD rivals the major infectious threats of HIV, malaria or tuberculosis in terms of global impact of disease, collectively, the NTDs contribute substantially to morbidity throughout the world (Engels and Savioli, 2006). A number of factors present major challenges for the development of new treatments for NTDs. Firstly, NTDs are chronic diseases, which may reside in affected people as lifelong infections. Secondly, NTDs are not always associated with human mortality and the burden of these diseases can be subtle, hidden among such other measures of disease burden as hindered development, poor cognitive function and chronic ailments. Thirdly, as stated, NTDs often affect the poorest of the poor, people often unable to pay for medical treatments, especially for chronic illnesses. Hence, these diseases receive less attention than other, immediately lifethreatening infectious diseases. La...

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Trick or Treat: The Role of Vaccines in Integrated Schistosomiasis Control

Cited by 100 publications

References 36 publications

Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam

Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the Era of the Three Gorges Dam

Factors Associated with Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni Infection in an Endemic Area of Bahia, Brazil

Structure–function analysis of apical membrane‐associated molecules of the tegument of schistosome parasites of humans: prospects for identification of novel targets for parasite control

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