Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Wheat Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Paraguay

Arrúa, Andrea Alejandra; Ouchi, Julio César Masaru Iehisa; Cazal, Cinthia; Mendes, Juliana Moura; Colmán, Adans A.; Ríos, Danilo Fernández; Arrúa, Pablo David; Guerreño, Claudia Adriana Barboza; Kohli, Man Mohan; Ramírez, María Cecilia; Ruíz, Ana Acuña; Sarmiento, María Magdalena; Ortíz, María Cecilia; Nuñez, Adriana; Lopez-Nicora, Horacio D.

doi:10.3390/toxins14040257

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 43 publications

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“…The mouse gene localized to ER as predicted and restored colony growth rate, but not conidia formation or the trichothecene mycotoxin DON’s production. However, the trichothecene-dependent pathogenicity on wheat coleoptiles was restored, possibly indicating that another Fusarium graminearum species complex trichothecene than DON 57 could have become the main product when electrons were delivered from the MouseNCP to the CYP TRI (TRI4 gene) ( Supplementary Fig. S11 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary conserved multifunctional nitric oxide synthesis proteins responding to bacterial MAMPs are located at the endoplasmic reticulum

Zheng

Ipcho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Nitric oxide is known to be produced by most Eukaryotic organisms although the NO production mechanism is only known for animals (Canovas et al., 2016). Mammals have a set of different nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) with basically similar mechanism for producing NO under different circumstances (Velayutham and Zweier, 2013; Yu et al., 2014). NO-production is characteristically induced as part of innate immunity reactions to bacterial Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs). We knew from our previous work that the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum quickly upregulate genes characteristic for an innate immune response so we set out to test if it also produces NO as part of this response and find the responsible genes if it does. We found that F. graminearum produces NO in response to bacterial MAMPs and that the NO production system must be similar in fungi as in mammals where NO is activated by a homo-dimerization of nitric oxide synthase proteins (NOSs) containing an N-terminal cytochrome P450 domain (CYP) and a C-terminal NADPH dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (NCP) domain. The electrons are transferred from the C-terminal NCP domains to the CYP domain in the paired protein to produce NO. We could not find a candidate NOS in the fungus. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that an NCP-protein similar to the NCP part of a NOS is brought together with a CYP-protein to produce NO in another way than the dimerization of a classic NOS. We found that in F. graminearum NO is produced by an FgNCP and an FgCYP located to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where both proteins are predicted to be N-terminally attached by a transmembrane or embedded hydrophobic alpha helix. Deletion of any of these proteins lowered pathogenicity to wheat and stopped NO-production. Knockout of the FgNCP also completely blocked deoxynivalenol synthesis needed for pathogenicity indicating that the FgNCP also delivers electrons to another CYP (TRI4) located at the ER. The FgCYP we found to be involved in NO-productions is the same or similar to proteins involved in Eukaryote sterol synthesis (CYP51) reducing lanosterol on the way to the final main sterols different for different Eukaryotes. Lanosterol enriched membranes are known to be inhibited in endocytosis and we found that the deletion of the FgCYP producing NO also completely stopped endocytosis. We further tested consequences of these indications of more than one function and suggest the CYP-protein is most likely an FgCYPNO,ERG involved in both NO and ergosterol synthesis and the NCP is involved in NO, trichothecene and ergosterol synthesis, an FgNCPNO,TRI,ERG. The two proteins shown here to be responsible for NO production in F. graminearum are both highly conserved in Eukaryotes from amoeba to human and homologues are likely candidates for the production of NO in many other eukaryotes including mammals. The multiple functions of these proteins can be part of the explanation for the links between chronic inflammation, sterols and blood pressure in human.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary conserved multifunctional nitric oxide synthesis proteins responding to bacterial MAMPs are located at the endoplasmic reticulum

Zheng

Ipcho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Quantitative PCR assays for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum in winter wheat growing regions in China

Wang¹,

Cui

Chen

et al. 2023

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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Genetic Diversity, Mycotoxin Profiles, and Population Structure of Fusarium spp. Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Georgia, United States

Ghimire,

Bahri,

Martinez-Espinoza

et al. 2024

Plant Disease

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Fusarium head blight (FHB) has become a limiting factor in soft red winter wheat production in the southeast US. Recent epidemics have occurred in Georgia, however genetic information on the Fusarium species responsible for FHB is unknown. This study aimed to assess pathogen population structure and genetic diversity, trichothecene profiles, and representative pathogenicity of 196 Fusarium isolates collected from 44 wheat (n = 85) and 53 corn (n = 111) fields in Georgia. Phylogenetic analysis using the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (635 bp) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (930 bp) sequence data resolved isolates into 185 haplotypes, representing 12 Fusarium species grouped under five species complexes. F. graminearum with 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotype (75.6%) and F. incarnatum (57.7%) predominated in wheat and corn, respectively, with a surprisingly higher frequency of NIV F. graminearum (21.8%). Using nine variable number of tandem repeat markers, 82 multilocus genotypes out of 86 F. graminearum isolates were identified and grouped into two genetic clusters, pop1fg (n = 29) and pop2fg (n = 32), as part of the North American populations (NA1 and NA2), but with no chemotype differentiation. F. graminearum populations in Georgia are mostly clonal and might have evolved through at least two introductions from the northeast US and Canada and local adaptation to maintain high genetic diversity. Pathogenicity of F. graminearum isolates from wheat and corn had high FHB severity (>60%) in wheat, depicting the risk they can pose towards future FHB outbreaks. Overall, this baseline study provided important information on Fusarium species diversity including F. graminearum associated with FHB in Georgia that will be useful to formulate integrated disease management incorporating improved host resistance and fungicide spray program.

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Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Wheat Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Paraguay

Cited by 5 publications

References 43 publications

Evolutionary conserved multifunctional nitric oxide synthesis proteins responding to bacterial MAMPs are located at the endoplasmic reticulum

Evolutionary conserved multifunctional nitric oxide synthesis proteins responding to bacterial MAMPs are located at the endoplasmic reticulum

Quantitative PCR assays for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum in winter wheat growing regions in China

Genetic Diversity, Mycotoxin Profiles, and Population Structure of Fusarium spp. Associated with Fusarium Head Blight in Georgia, United States

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