Trichomonasvirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Totiviridae

Goodman, Rachel; Ghabrial, Said A.; Fichorova, Raina N.; Nibert, Max L.

doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0832-8

Cited by 90 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…AF127178) (5,20), and the TVV3 prototype, strain 1 (GenBank accession no. AF325840) (6,20), to design forward and reverse primers for reverse transcription (RT), PCR amplification, and sequencing of any TVV strains that may be associated with T. vaginalis UR1. The primers were designed to amplify an ϳ500-bp fragment from the same, CP-encoding region of the TVV2 and TVV3 genomes but in a species-selective manner (see Table S1 in the supplemental material).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on these sequences, phylogenetic comparisons have contributed to the recent creation of a new genus in the family Totiviridae, designated Trichomonasvirus, to accommodate these viruses (20). Accompanying the creation of this new genus has been the formal recognition of 3 distinct trichomonasvirus species, designated Trichomonas vaginalis virus 1, Trichomonas vaginalis virus 2, and Trichomonas vaginalis virus 3 (5,6,20,41).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)

Goodman

Freret

Kula

et al. 2011

J Virol

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Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease worldwide, is itself commonly infected by nonsegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses from the genus Trichomonasvirus, family Totiviridae. To date, cDNA sequences of one or more strains of each of three trichomonasvirus species have been reported, and gel electrophoresis showing several different dsRNA molecules obtained from a few T. vaginalis isolates has suggested that more than one virus strain might concurrently infect the same parasite cell. Here, we report the complete cDNA sequences of 3 trichomonasvirus strains, one from each of the 3 known species, infecting a single, agar-cloned clinical isolate of T. vaginalis, confirming the natural capacity for concurrent (in this case, triple) infections in this system. We furthermore report the complete cDNA sequences of 11 additional trichomonasvirus strains, from 4 other clinical isolates of T. vaginalis. These additional strains represent the three known trichomonasvirus species, as well as a newly identified fourth species. Moreover, 2 of these other T. vaginalis isolates are concurrently infected by strains of all 4 trichomonasvirus species (i.e., quadruple infections). In sum, the full-length cDNA sequences of these 14 new trichomonasviruses greatly expand the existing data set for members of this genus and substantiate our understanding of their genome organizations, protein-coding and replication signals, diversity, and phylogenetics. The complexity of this virus-host system is greater than has been previously well recognized and suggests a number of important questions relating to the pathogenesis and disease outcomes of T. vaginalis infections of the human genital mucosa.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)

Goodman

Freret

Kula

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…he family Totiviridae comprises five genera-the Totivirus, Victorivirus, Giardiavirus, and Leishmaniavirus, and the recently established Trichomonasvirus-that are distinguishable from each other in terms of phylogeny and natural host organisms (1,2). Commonly, the family members, which infect fungal or protozoan hosts, have a monopartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome encased in icosahedral virions of 30 to 40 nm in diameter with a Tϭ1 icosahedral structure (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Commonly, the family members, which infect fungal or protozoan hosts, have a monopartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome encased in icosahedral virions of 30 to 40 nm in diameter with a Tϭ1 icosahedral structure (1). These viruses largely show noncytopathic, persistent infections and appear to lack extracellular transmission (2,3). Their genomes usually have two overlapping or contiguous open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a capsid protein (CP) of 74 to 99 kDa and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 88 to 99 kDa or a CP-RdRp fusion protein of 156 to 210 kDa (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Novel Victorivirus from a Phytopathogenic Fungus, Rosellinia necatrix, Is Infectious as Particles and Targeted by RNA Silencing

Chiba

Lin

Kondō

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Japan bA novel victorivirus, termed Rosellinia necatrix victorivirus 1 (RnVV1), was isolated from a plant pathogenic ascomycete, white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix, coinfected with a partitivirus. The virus was molecularly and biologically characterized using the natural and experimental hosts (chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica). RnVV1 was shown to have typical molecular victorivirus attributes, including a monopartite double-stranded RNA genome with two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding capsid protein (CP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a UAAUG pentamer presumed to facilitate the coupled termination/reinitiation for translation of the two ORFs, a spherical particle structure ϳ40 nm in diameter, and moderate levels of CP and RdRp sequence identity (34 to 58%) to those of members of the genus Victorivirus within the family Totiviridae. A reproducible transfection system with purified RnVV1 virions was developed for the two distinct fungal hosts. Transfection assay with purified RnVV1 virions combined with virus elimination by hyphal tipping showed that the effects of RnVV1 on the phenotype of the natural host were negligible. Interestingly, comparison of the RNA silencing-competent (standard strain EP155) and -defective (⌬dcl-2) strains of C. parasitica infected with RnVV1 showed that RNA silencing acted against the virus to repress its replication, which was restored by coinfection with hypovirus or transgenic expression of an RNA silencing suppressor, hypovirus p29. Phenotypic changes were observed in the ⌬dcl-2 strain but not in EP155. This is the first reported study on the host range expansion of a Totiviridae member that is targeted by RNA silencing.

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“…The heavily duplicated trichomonas genome accepts and rejects horizontally transferred genes of prokaryotic derivation [40], carries dsRNA and totiviridae genomes [41][42][43], harbors inserted retrotransposons (Tc1/ mariner, Kolobok) [44,45], and practices morphological transformation of a fl agellate entity into an amoeboid parasite [46,47].…”

Section: Trichomonasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cell survival pathways of the primordial RNA-DNA complex remain conserved in the extant genomes and may function as proto-oncogenes

Sinkovics¹

2015

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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Malignantly transformed (cancer) cells of multicellular hosts, including human cells, operate activated biochemical pathways that recognizably derived from unicellular ancestors. The descendant heat shock proteins of thermophile archaea now chaperon oncoproteins. The ABC cassettes of toxin-producer zooxantella Symbiodinia algae pump out the cytoplasmic toxin molecules; malignantly transformed cells utilize the derivatives of these cassettes to get rid of chemotherapeuticals. High mobility group helixloop-helix proteins, protein arginine methyltransferases, proliferating cell nuclear antigens, and Ki-67 nuclear proteins, that protect and repair DNA in unicellular life forms, support oncogenes in transformed cells. The cell survival pathways of Wnt-β-catenin, Hedgehog, PI3K, MAPK-ERK, STAT, Ets, JAK, Pak, Myb, achaete scute, circadian rhythms, Bruton kinase and others, which are physiological in uni-and early multicellular eukaryotic life forms, are constitutively encoded in complex oncogenic pathways in selected single cells of advanced multicellular eukaryotic hosts. Oncogenes and oncoproteins in advanced multicellular hosts recreate selected independently living and immortalized unicellular life forms, which are similar to extinct and extant protists. These uni cellular life forms are recognized at the clinics as autologous "cancer cells".

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Trichomonasvirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Totiviridae

Cited by 90 publications

References 57 publications

Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)

Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)

A Novel Victorivirus from a Phytopathogenic Fungus, Rosellinia necatrix, Is Infectious as Particles and Targeted by RNA Silencing

The cell survival pathways of the primordial RNA-DNA complex remain conserved in the extant genomes and may function as proto-oncogenes

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