Trichomonas Vaginalis Orchitis With Associated Severe Oligoasthenoteratospermia and Hypogonadism

Lloyd, Granville L.; Case, John R.; Frias, Denise De; Brannigan, Robert E.

doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000080375.18547.cc

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…vaginalis infection can cause symptoms ranging from irritation and swelling in the urogenital tract to severe complications such as cervical erosion and premature birth during pregnancy (10,11,12). Trichomoniasis is also associated with infertility in both men and women (13,14). Moreover, infections are linked to cervical cancer (15,16,17,18), benign prostate hyperplasia (19), advanced prostate cancer (20,21,22), and an increased risk of HIV infection (23,24,25,26,27).…”

Section: T He Exclusively Human-infective Flagellated Parasitic Protistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

et al. 2013

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bTrichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular protozoan parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract during infection. In this study, we examined the propensities of 26 T. vaginalis strains to bind to and lyse prostate (BPH-1) and ectocervical (Ect1) epithelium and to lyse red blood cells (RBCs). We found that only three of the strains had a statistically significant preference for either BPH-1 (MSA1103) or Ect1 (LA1 and MSA1123). Overall, we observed that levels of adherence are highly variable among strains, with a 12-fold range of adherence on Ect1 cells and a 45-fold range on BPH-1 cells. Cytolysis levels displayed even greater variability, from no detectable cytolysis to 80% or 90% cytolysis of Ect1 and BPH-1, respectively. Levels of adherence and cytolysis correlate for weakly adherent/cytolytic strains, and a threshold of attachment was found to be necessary to trigger cytolysis; however, this threshold can be reached without inducing cytolysis. Furthermore, cytolysis was completely blocked when we prevented attachment of the parasites to host cells while allowing soluble factors complete access. We demonstrate that hemolysis was a rare trait, with only 4 of the 26 strains capable of lysing >20% RBCs with a 1:30 parasite/RBC ratio. Hemolysis also did not correlate with adherence to or cytolysis of either male (BPH-1)-or female (Ect1)-derived epithelial cell lines. Our results reveal that despite a broad range of pathogenic properties among different T. vaginalis strains, all strains show strict contact-dependent cytolysis. T he exclusively human-infective flagellated parasitic protistTrichomonas vaginalis is the cause of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease, trichomoniasis. In women, the parasite resides in the vagina and colonizes the cervix; in men, it can be found in the urogenital tract and the prostate. In 2008 alone there were an estimated 276.4 million new cases in adults between 19 and 49 years of age, with a 10-fold-higher prevalence in females than in males (1). T. vaginalis in males often goes undetected, and thus the incidence is difficult to determine. However, it has been reported that in men with infected female partners, the incidence can range from 15 to 73% (2, 3, 4, 5). Additionally, men can clear infections 3 to 12 times faster than women whether the infection is treated or not (6, 7). The percentage of men who reportedly remain asymptomatic upon T. vaginalis infection is highly variable depending on the population examined and the diagnostic technique utilized. Regardless, it is thought that a higher proportion of men than women have asymptomatic infections (4,8,9).T. vaginalis infection can cause symptoms ranging from irritation and swelling in the urogenital tract to severe complications such as cervical erosion and premature birth during pregnancy (10,11,12). Trichomoniasis is also associated with infertility in both men and women (13,14). Moreover, infections are linked to cervical cancer (15,16,17,18), benign prostate hyperplasia (19), advance...

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Section: T He Exclusively Human-infective Flagellated Parasitic Protistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

et al. 2013

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“…Infections by T. vaginalis are often asymptomatic or cause mild irritation and/or swelling of the urogenital tract and surrounding tissues (3, 4). However, infections can also lead to severe health complications, such as cervical erosion, premature birth, and infertility in men and women (2, 5–7). More recently, infection with this parasite has been associated with increased susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus, cervical cancer, and aggressive prostate cancer (8–12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Structure of Trichomonas vaginalis Surface Lipoglycan

Ryan

Mehlert

Richardson

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Trichomonas vaginalis lipoglycan (TvLG) mediates interactions between the parasite and human host.Results: TvLG is composed of a polyrhamnose backbone with branches of poly-N-acetyllactosamine that are involved in attachment to host epithelium.Conclusion: TvLG has a unique structure among solved parasite glycans.Significance: This work provides a template to analyze TvLG from T. vaginalis with different binding properties.

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“…, 1995; Viikki et al ., 2000) and increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS (Wasserheit, 1992; Laga et al ., 1993; Sorvillo and Kerndt, 1998; Sorvillo et al ., 2001). Among other sequelae from trichomonosis are orchitis associated with oligoasthenoteratospermia and hypogonadism (Lloyd et al ., 2003), newborn urinary tract infections with chronic lung disease (Hoffman et al ., 2003), and lung coinfection by T. vaginalis and pneumocystis in a patient with AIDS (Dubougher et al ., 2003). Men with trichomonosis may have a non‐chlamydial, non‐gonococcal urethritis (Kreiger et al ., 1993), and symptomatic men with trichomonosis who are HIV‐positive have higher concentrations of infectious HIV in semen, facilitating HIV transmission (Hobbs et al ., 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing the ap65 gene reduces adherence to vaginal epithelial cells by Trichomonas vaginalis

Mundodi

Kucknoor

Klumpp

et al. 2004

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryHost parasitism by Trichomonas vaginalis is complex and in part mediated by adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs). Four trichomonad surface proteins bind VECs as adhesins, and AP65 is a major adhesin with sequence identity to an enzyme of the hydrogenosome organelle that is involved in energy generation. In order to perform genetic analysis and assess the role of AP65 in T. vaginalis adherence, we silenced expression of ap65 using antisense RNA. The gene for ap65 was inserted into the vector pBSneo in sense and antisense orientations to generate plasmids pBS-neo S (S) and pBS-neo AS (AS), respectively. Trichomonads were then transfected with S and AS plasmids for selection of stable transfectants using Geneticin, and the presence of plasmid in transfectants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction of the neo gene. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis showed decreased amounts of ap65 transcript in AS transfected parasites. Growth kinetics of the antisensetransfected and wild type organisms were similar, suggesting that silencing AP65 did not affect overall energy generation for growth. Immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibody (mAb) to AP65 of AS transfectants showed decreased amounts of AP65 when compared to wild type or S transfectants. Not unexpectedly, this corresponded to decreased amounts of AP65 bound to VECs in a functional ligand assay. Reduction in parasite surface expression of AP65 was related to lower levels of adherence to VECs by AS-transfectants compared to control organisms. Antisense silencing of ap65 was not alleviated by growth of trichomonads in high iron, which upregulates transcription of ap65 . Our work reaffirms the role for AP65 as an adhesin, and in addition, we demonstrate antisense RNA gene silencing in T. vaginalis to study the contribution of specific genes in pathogenesis.

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Trichomonas Vaginalis Orchitis With Associated Severe Oligoasthenoteratospermia and Hypogonadism

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

Trichomonas vaginalis Contact-Dependent Cytolysis of Epithelial Cells

Chemical Structure of Trichomonas vaginalis Surface Lipoglycan

Silencing the ap65 gene reduces adherence to vaginal epithelial cells by Trichomonas vaginalis

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