Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults living in poverty.1) Eight million new TB cases and two million deaths by TB are estimated each year.2) It is now generally accepted that the requirement for minimum 6 months treatment for TB is due to the difficulty in eradicating non-replicating persistent Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis. Therefore, new lead compounds, which are effective against M. tuberculosis in both active and dormant states, are urgently needed. Although physiology of latent M. tuberculosis infection is still unclear, hypoxic condition was found to induce dormant state of Mycobacterium sp., which has a drug susceptibility profile resembling that of the latent M. tuberculosis infection.3-5) Recently, we have established a screening system for anti-dormant mycobacterial substances. 6,7) In this assay system, M. tuberculosis H37Rv under hypoxic condition became highly resistant against isoniazid, which is one of the first-line drugs for TB. Thus, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of isoniazid against M. tuberculosis H37Rv was 0.05 mg/ml under aerobic condition. While, the MIC value of isoniazid was more than 100 mg/ml under nitrogen atmosphere containing 0.2% oxygen. In the course of our search for anti-dormant mycobacterial substances from marine organisms by using this assay system, we isolated three new aminolipopeptides, named trichoderins A, A1 and B, from the culture of the marine sponge-derived fungus of Trichoderma sp. and determined their chemical structures.8) Among them, trichoderin A showed most potent anti-microbial activity against the non-pathogenic strain of M. smegmatis (MICϭ0.1 mg/ml), the vaccine strain of M. bovis BCG (MICϭ0.02 mg/ml), and the drug susceptible laboratory strain of M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MICϭ0.12 mg/ml) under the both aerobic condition and hypoxic condition inducing dormant state, while its action-mechanism was not investigated. 8) In this paper, the mechanistic-analysis of trichoderin A is presented. . KOD Plus System (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan) was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Carbenicillin, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), hygromycin B, isoniazid, kanamycin, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MaterialsBacterial Culture Mycobacterium strains were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth containing 10% Middlebrook OADC enrichment, 0.2% glycerol, and 0.05% Tween 80, or on Middlebrook 7H10 agar containing 10% Middlebrook OADC enrichment and 0.5% glycerol. Escherichia (E.) coli DH5a was used for cloning and maintaining plasmid and grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium. E. coli HB101 was used for construction of the genomic DNA library of M. bovis BCG and grown in LB liquid medium containing 0.3% maltose and 10 mM MgSO 4 . The following concentrations of antibiotics were used 100 mg/ml (carbenicillin), 150 mg/ml (hygromycin B), and 40 mg/m...