Trichloroacetic acid in the foliage of forest trees

Frank, Hartmut; Vincon, Antje; Reiss, Johannes; Scholl, Harald

doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240131102

Cited by 51 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Tricholoracetic acid concentration was determined using a modified method described by Frank et al [17]. Briefly, 230 ml of the water sample was spiked with the internal standard 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (DPA, 230 l, 1 mg/L).…”

Section: Determination Of Trichloroacetic Acid In Natural Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in swiss waters

Müller

Zweifel

Kinnison

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) has been investigated in surface waters, ground waters, drinking waters, wastewaters, and rainwater in Switzerland. The concentrations found in surface waters varied between less than 27 ng/L (limit of quantification) and 340 ng/L, whereas the concentrations in ground water were always below 27 ng/L. It was found that the main sources of TCA in surface waters were the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (average concentration, 430 ng/L; range, 40-1060 ng/L). The average TCA concentration in rainwater was 300 ng/L range, (Ͻ27-900 ng/L). A dynamic mathematical model revealed that TCA is not significantly degraded in a lake (half-life Ͼ230 d). A detailed mass balance in the catchment area of a small lake (Greifensee) and a very rough mass balance over Switzerland indicate that rain is the major source of TCA in Switzerland (Ͼ90%), but they also show that about 60 to 80% of the TCA deposited by rain is eliminated, most probably in the soil.

show abstract

Section: Determination Of Trichloroacetic Acid In Natural Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in swiss waters

Müller

Zweifel

Kinnison

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, regular exposure to levels of pesticides found in rain did not cause significant damage. Although herbicides have been implicated in damage to forests [148,166] via long range transport there is no clear evidence conclusively demonstrating this. It should be noted that one herbicide,TCA (trichloroacetic acid), found in forest foliage and implicated in damage also arises from the atmospheric oxidation of airborne C-2 chlorocarbons [166,167].…”

Section: Direct Effects On Non-target Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Unsworth¹,

Wauchope²,

Klein³

et al. 1999

Pure and Applied Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the 1960s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry's Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH ؒ radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub g/L range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on nontarget systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxintype herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers' milk. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions from this review, several recommendations for further areas of research are suggested. Since the factors governing the fate and behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are the same for any organic contaminant, whether from natural or anthropogenic sources, research studies on pesticides in air should be considered in the same way as any organic contaminant in the atmosphere.

show abstract

“…There is abundant evidence that TCA exhibits phytotoxicity (Lewis et al, 2004;Hanson et al, 2002a;Frank et al, 1990). Chloroacetic acids are assumed to be among the chemicals implicated in widespread forest decline observed throughout Europe and North America over the last decade (Schütt et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Xiang

Jing

Zhang

et al. 2005

Water Air Soil Pollut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In order to explore the geochemical transformation of trichloroacetic acid to chloroform in fresh waters, an experimental study by using laboratory microcosms was performed. The study confirmed the abiotic transformation of TCA to chloroform with various rate constants, ranging from approx. 3.29×10 −4 day −1 to 4.41×10 −4 day −1 , in different fresh waters at 25±1 • C. Also, an induction period (5-6 days) was observed before apparent degradation of TCA. Of the four geochemical factors including pH, oxygen, humic substances and ferric ion, the influence of lake HA, extracted from East Lake, on the transformation has been proven to be more substantial. Several model substances of HA, such as acetic acid, citric acid and β-Resorcylic acid etc., were also found to promote chloroform formation. Whilst, the results of pH effect experiments showed that higher yields of chloroform released from TCA solution occurred in the intensified alkaline media (pH = 10), an unusual condition in environment, indicating the limited effect of pH on the transformation under prevailing conditions in natural waters. According to our study, a mathematic model was built and successfully used to simulate TCA transformation to chloroform in fresh waters. Mathematic simulation demonstrates that the rates of decay for chloroform formation, after induction time, are mainly owing to rapid TCA degradation. In addition, biotic experiments indicated that fresh water algae affect TCA transformation to chloroform in varying degrees. The blue alga Anabaena cylindrica remarkably promoted chloroform formation, in weak acid media (pH = 6.5). While, the green alga Chlorella vulgari seems to indistinctively affect chloroform formation, whether in alkaline or weak acidic media. Enzyme or other byproducts of alga, such as citric acid, might play roles in the TCA transformation.

show abstract

Trichloroacetic acid in the foliage of forest trees

Cited by 51 publications

References 17 publications

Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in swiss waters

Occurrence, sources, and fate of trichloroacetic acid in swiss waters

Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere

Geochemical Transformation of Trichloroacetic Acid to Chloroform in Fresh Waters – The Results Based Upon Laboratory Experiments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About