Triborheological Analysis of Reconstituted Gastrointestinal Mucus/Chitosan:TPP Nanoparticles System to Study Mucoadhesion Phenomenon under Different pH Conditions

Abstract

Polymeric nanoparticles have attracted much attention as pharmaceutical delivery vehicles to prolong residence time and enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic molecules through the mucoadhesive phenomenon. In this study, chitosan:TPP nanoparticles were synthetized using the ionic gelation technique to analyze their mucoadhesive interaction with reconstituted porcine gastrointestinal mucus from a triborheological point of view under different pH conditions (pH = 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 7.0). The triborheological profile of the reconstituted mucus was evaluated at different pH environments through the oscillation frequency and the flow sweep tests, demonstrating that the reconstituted mucus exhibits shear thinning behavior regardless of pH, while its viscoelastic properties showed a change in behavior from a polymeric solution performance under neutral pH conditions to a viscoelastic gel under acidic conditions. Additionally, a rheological synergism analysis was performed to visualize the changes that occur in the viscoelastic properties, the viscosity and the coefficient of friction of the reconstituted mucus samples as a consequence of the interaction with the chitosan:TPP nanoparticles to determine or to discard the presence of the mucoadhesion phenomenon under the different pH values. Mucoadhesiveness evaluation revealed that chitosan:TPP exhibited strong mucoadhesion under highly acidic pH conditions, below its pKa value of 6.5. In contrast, at neutral conditions or close to its pKa value, the chitosan:TPP nanoparticles’ mucoadhesiveness was negligible.

Mucoadhesive capsules based on bacterial nanocellulose and chitosan as delivery system of turmeric extract

“…Notably, this technology is safe owing to the mucoadhesion of crosslinked LMWC via secondary interactions, which are not expected to cause irritation, inflammation, or ulceration of the gastric mucosa [ 10 , 11 ]. Additionally, with an adhesion force of 89 mN under normal stomach conditions and shear stresses (peristaltic movement), the capsules can be readily detached [ 49 ]. Other studies have demonstrated that chitosan crosslinked with TPP can adhere to stomach conditions for up to 90 h and is easily cleared from the digestive tract [ 10 , 49 , 50 ].…”

“…Additionally, with an adhesion force of 89 mN under normal stomach conditions and shear stresses (peristaltic movement), the capsules can be readily detached [ 49 ]. Other studies have demonstrated that chitosan crosslinked with TPP can adhere to stomach conditions for up to 90 h and is easily cleared from the digestive tract [ 10 , 49 , 50 ]. Moreover, all components of the system are food-grade and FDA-approved for use in food formulations [ 17 , 51 ].…”

Rheological, Physicochemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Biopolymeric Films Incorporated with Micro‐Holocellulose from Coffee Residues

“…A prepared blend solution (1 ml) for each formulation was placed on the Peltier plate surface and held for 2–3 min at room temperature for stress relaxation and temperature equilibration. The results obtained were analyzed using TRIOS software (TA Instruments, Delaware, USA), and values for viscosity (η, Pa.s) and shear rate (γ, s‐ 1 ) were used to plot the results and the correlation with the reinforced material into the blends [35,62,63] …”

“…The results obtained were analyzed using TRIOS software (TA Instruments, Delaware, USA), and values for viscosity (η, Pa.s) and shear rate (γ, s-1 ) were used to plot the results and the correlation with the reinforced material into the blends. [35,62,63]…”

Ultrasound-assisted formation of chitosan-glucose Maillard reaction products to fabricate nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant activity

“…The morphological characteristics of selected nanoparticles both as powder and suspension were observed following the method modified from Ruiz-Pulido et al [31] using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta 450, FEI Co., OR, USA). Before analysis, sample suspensions were prepared by dispersing the freeze-dried nanoparticles in absolute ethanol at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL −1 .…”