TRIBOMETRY: How is friction research quantified? A review

A Comprehensive Review of Water-Based Nanolubricants

“…The American Society of Lubrication Engineers (ASLE) has compiled 234 apparatus for tribo-testing which are classified by their geometries. Tribometers that have been designed with advanced instrumentation are equipped with instruments that enable the measurement of coefficients of friction, friction forces, wear rates, noise, vibrations, and temperature of a system [218]. Several tribo-testing methods, including four-ball, pin-ondisk, ball-on-disk, ball-on-plate, ball-on-three-plates, and block-on-ring have been primarily used to evaluate the tribological performance of as-prepared water-based lubricants.…”

“…measurement of coefficients of friction, friction forces, wear rates, noise, v temperature of a system [218]. Several tribo-testing methods, including fou disk, ball-on-disk, ball-on-plate, ball-on-three-plates, and block-on-ring hav ily used to evaluate the tribological performance of as-prepared water-base…”

“…Figure 11 shows a diagram of the four-ball tribome ture consists of three balls fixed in a lubricant bath. The rotating ball is pla three fixed balls [218,219]. During the tribo-testing, a normal force is exer cally to the rotating ball at a constant speed, and the force is increased unt welded together under the frictional heat.…”

“…The pin-on-disk tribo-testing can be used for research bearing systems, brake systems, train wheel systems, and manufacturing industries. T mechanism can be carried out under both the dry and lubricating conditions [218,21 The pin-on-disk tribometer was used by He et al [159] to evaluate the tribological pr erties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) in base water at 300 rpm for 30 min under 4 600 N loads, which revealed an excellent reduction in WSD by 14.6% and COF by 29. with an optimal concentration of 0.7 wt.% h-BN. Zhao et al [53] also used pin-on-d In the field of tribology, this type of tribometers has been widely used in simulating practical working conditions.…”

“…Results can be inaccurate when normal loads are unevenly distributed on three plates. It is possible to adapt the system to the desired material combinations since the balls and the plates are interchangeable [218,219]. Figure 13a shows a ball-on-three-plates tribometer that is commonly used for testing lubricants.…”