Tribological Characteristics of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Nanolubricants

Global Insights on Future Trends of Hybrid/EV Driveline Lubrication and Thermal Management

“…Nanofluid is a novel grade of thermal cooling fluids created by dispersing solid particles between 20 and 60 nm in size in traditional water-or oil-based fluid (Lee et al, 1999(Lee et al, , 2009You et al, 2003;Yu and Choi, 2003;Wrenick et al, 2006;Gullac and Akalin, 2010;Ganapathy Pandian, 2014;Khare et al, 2018) 4 The nano particles have larger surface area and help enhance the thermal cooling properties of the fluid. In addition, the suspended nanoparticles remarkably improve thermal cooling process and the nanofluid has significantly higher heat conductivity and heat transfer coefficient than the conventional coolant used in conventional automotive cooling system.…”

“…In addition, the suspended nanoparticles remarkably improve thermal cooling process and the nanofluid has significantly higher heat conductivity and heat transfer coefficient than the conventional coolant used in conventional automotive cooling system. Recent testing results (Lee et al, 1999(Lee et al, , 2009You et al, 2003;Yu and Choi, 2003;Wrenick et al, 2006;Gullac and Akalin, 2010;Ganapathy Pandian, 2014;Khare et al, 2018) 3,4 have indicated that these new nanomaterials have high potential to promote high thermal conductivity nanofluid materials for thermal cooling applications in the future EV/Hybrid vehicles. Challenging remains their stable dispersion in the fluid over an extended range of working temperature and to limit the sedimentation, because of the mismatch in density between the particles and the carrying fluid.…”

“…To apply nanofluids in automotive applications, a wider range of nanoparticles can be mixed with both water and oil-based fluids using conventional coolants such as ethylene glycol-based coolants. Specific dispersants have been invented to achieve the lasting stability (Choi, 1995;Hu and Dong, 1998;Eastman et al, 1999;Lee et al, 1999Lee et al, , 2009Li, 2000, 2003;Xuan and Roetzel, 2000;Choi and Eastman, 2001;Keblinski et al, 2002;Das et al, 2003;Xie et al, 2003;Xue et al, 2003;You et al, 2003;Yu and Choi, 2003;Gullac and Akalin, 2010;White et al, 2010White et al, , 2011aGanapathy Pandian, 2014;Khare et al, 2018). Recent experimental outcomes displayed that the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient of the developed nanoparticles have been improved.…”

“…Nanofluids are being developed to achieve ultra-high-performance cooling. with the capability to enhance the fluid's thermal properties are of great interest (You et al, 2003;Tung et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2009;Gullac and Akalin, 2010;White et al, 2010White et al, , 2011aGanapathy Pandian, 2014;Khare et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019).…”

“…Review of Nanofluids Development and Future Trends in Automotive Applications (Hu and Dong, 1998;Eastman et al, 1999;Lee et al, 1999;Lee et al, 2009;Xuan and Li, 2000;Xuan and Li, 2003;Xuan and Roetzel, 2000;Keblinski et al, 2002;Das et al, 2003;Xie et al, 2003;Xue et al, 2003;You et al, 2003;Yu and Choi, 2003;Wrenick et al, 2006;Tung et al, 2008;Gullac and Akalin, 2010;White et al, 2010;White et al 2011a;White et al, 2011b;Ganapathy Pandian, 2014;Khare et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019) 5 Nanofluid is a novel class of heat transfer and anti-wear liquids produced by dispersing solid particles smaller than 30-40 nm in size in traditional water-or oil-based fluid. The name nanofluid was coined by Choi (1995), Choi andEastman (2001), and.…”