Tribological behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) obtained at different austempering temperatures

Du, Yuzhou; Gao, Xiangqian; Wang, Xiaolong; Wang, Xin; Ge, Yanfeng; Jiang, Bailing

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2020.203396

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…As reported by Du et al (2020) [ 39 ], the nodularity in austempered conditions was identical for all ADIs, and no noticeable changes in the form and distribution of spheroidal graphite were found, as shown in Figure 11 . Figure 11 shows the microstructural characteristics of graphite in ADIs at various temperatures.…”

Section: Effect Of Heat Treatment On Microstructure and Phase Evoluti...supporting

confidence: 79%

A Review on Heat Treatment of Cast Iron: Phase Evolution and Mechanical Characterization

et al. 2022

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The isothermal heat treatment process has been identified as a unique process of fabricating exceptional graphite cast iron due to its remarkable mechanical properties, such as excellent machinability, toughness, and high level of ultimate tensile strength. Austempered ductile iron (ADI), ductile iron (DI), and gray cast iron (GCI), known as spheroidal cast irons, are viable alternative materials compared to traditional steel casting, as well as aluminum casting. The graphite nodules from the microstructures of DI, ADI, and GCI are consistently encompassed by acicular ferrite and carbon-saturated austenite in the matrix, forming a distinctive ausferritic structure. All these materials are extensively used in the fabrication of engine sleeves, engine blocks, valves, gears, and camshafts in the automobile sector. With relative motion and outward loads, these components are regularly exposed to surface contact. In this project, it was observed that austempering temperature and a shorter holding period could also be used to manufacture needle-like ferrite platelets for austempered ductile iron (ADI) and other graphite cast irons. To overcome the brittleness challenges and catastrophic failures encountered by applied loads in present-day applications, it is essential to comprehend the isothermal treatments, morphological behaviors, phase analyses, processing techniques, and mechanical properties needed to properly incorporate these materials into future designs. This review article provides detailed information on the characterization and relevant potential mechanisms of ADI, DI, and GCI.

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Section: Effect Of Heat Treatment On Microstructure and Phase Evoluti...supporting

confidence: 79%

A Review on Heat Treatment of Cast Iron: Phase Evolution and Mechanical Characterization

et al. 2022

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“…Analyzing the temperature variation, Figure 10, for each of the three austempering treatment times, it is observed that with the increase in the austempering treatment temperature, the percentage of retained austenite shows a growth trend. According to Du et al 23 mechanical properties of ADI are affected by its phase constutuints due to the carbon saturated retained austenite.…”

Section: Hardness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Evaluation of an Austempered Cast Iron Alloy

et al. 2022

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ADI are the result of graphite nodules and ausferrite microstructure (acicular ferrite + retained austenite). Over the past few years, ADI has become an important material for engineering due to its excellent mechanical properties (outstanding ductility, high mechanical strength and good toughness) and low cost. It is known the discussion of process variables such as austempering time and temperature are extremely important for the microstructural and hardness study of these materials. Thus, in the present work, ADI cast iron was investigated under twelve different austenitic conditions, aiming to characterize the influence of the amount of austenite on the ferritic matrix on the mechanical property of hardness. The heat treatment parameters vary from three different times (40 min, 90 min and 180 min) under four temperatures (280ºC, 300 ºC, 320 ºC and 370ºC). Results show there is a decreasing of hardness linked to the increasing of retained austenite % volume. The greater amount of retained austenite % volume in the matrix was presented by sample A14, treated during 40 minutes under 370ºC and presenting 32.30% of this microconstituint. The amounts of each phase present in the studied materials were raised by quantitative metallography through the software Fiji-ImageJ, allowing a comparison of the results obtained by these two methods. Time differences on the austempering heating treatment did not show several implications on ADI microstructure. In addition, analyzes of the graphite nodules were performed.

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“…17,18,47,[50][51][52] Researchers have tried to develop the mechanical properties and ductility of the ADIs by controlling the starting microstructures 26 , austenitizing temperatures 1,2 , partitioning treatments 53 , and temperature and time of austempering. 6,35,44,48,51,[54][55][56] However, they have developed both yield and tensile strengths, but not ductility. Limited ductility was obtained in the ADIs [41][42][43] , while the DMS-ADIs exhibited outstanding ductility up until a 26% total elongation compared to the ADIs 1, 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Austempering Times on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Matrix Structure Austempered Ductile Iron (DMS-ADI)

et al. 2021

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In this study, the effect of the austempering times on the microstructures and mechanical properties of dual-matrix structure austempered ductile iron (DMS-ADI) was investigated. With this aim, unalloyed as-cast ductile iron tensile samples were austenitized at 810 °C for 30 min to intercritical austenitizing followed by austempering at 350°C for various austempering times (45 min to 180 min). Experimental results showed that dual-matrix structures consisting of proeutectoid ferrite ? ausferrite were obtained in austempered ductile iron from intercritical austenitizing temperatures. It was determined that as the austempering time increased, the ausferritic structure became considerably clear and its volume fraction was almost constant (45-47%) after 90 min of austempering time. The yield and tensile strength of the samples decreased and the total elongation and breaking energy increased with increasing austempering times, but after the 120-min austempering time, both the total elongation and breaking energy of the samples decreased. It was established that the austempering times had no significant effect on the morphology of ausferrite. The best mechanical properties were obtained between 70-and 130-minute austempering times that can be defined as the processing window. In addition, it was determined that the DMS-ADI had similar austempering kinetics with the ADI.

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Tribological behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) obtained at different austempering temperatures

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

A Review on Heat Treatment of Cast Iron: Phase Evolution and Mechanical Characterization

A Review on Heat Treatment of Cast Iron: Phase Evolution and Mechanical Characterization

Microstructural Evaluation of an Austempered Cast Iron Alloy

Effect of Austempering Times on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Matrix Structure Austempered Ductile Iron (DMS-ADI)

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