Tribasic copper chloride and copper sulfate as copper sources for weanling pigs.

Abstract

We conducted three 28-d experiments involving a total of 915 pigs to assess the relative efficacy of tribasic Cu chloride (Cu2[OH]3Cl) and Cu sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H20) in diets for weanling pigs. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted at an experiment station (University of Kentucky), and Exp. 3 was conducted at a commercial feed company's swine research facilities (United Feeds, Inc.). The basal diet was a fortified corn-soybean meal-dried whey diet (1.25% lysine) with no antimicrobials in Exp. 1 or with carbadox (55 mg/kg) in Exp. 2 and 3. In Exp. 1, 135 pigs were weaned at 27 to 31 d and fed the basal diet without or with 100 or 200 ppm Cu from Cu chloride, or 100 or 200 ppm Cu from Cu sulfate from 7.9 to 17.7 kg BW. The 200 ppm level of Cu from Cu sulfate improved ADG (P < .10), and both levels of Cu from Cu chloride tended to improve feed:gain. In Exp. 2, 150 pigs were weaned at 27 to 31 d and fed the basal diet without or with 100, 150, or 200 ppm Cu from Cu chloride, or 200 ppm Cu from Cu sulfate from 8.9 to 20.8 kg BW. Addition of 200 ppm Cu improved ADG (P < .08) and ADFI (P < .01), but not feed:gain. Source of Cu did not affect performance. In Exp. 3, 630 pigs were weaned at 16 to 20 d and fed a common diet for 10 to 12 d until the start of the experimental period. The same experimental diets as used in Exp. 2 were fed from 9.1 to 25.5 kg BW. Both Cu sources improved ADG (P < .01), and sources and levels of Cu did not differ. Liver Cu increased in pigs fed 200 ppm Cu, and Cu sulfate tended to increase liver Cu more than did Cu chloride in one experiment, but not in another experiment. The results indicate that tribasic Cu chloride is as effective as Cu sulfate in improving growth in weanling pigs.

In-Feed Use of Heavy Metal Micronutrients in U.S. Swine Production Systems and Its Role in Persistence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonellae

“…The use of copper in swine feed has also been repeatedly shown to have a positive effect in production performance (42,43) and zinc are considered two of the most widely researched alternatives to growth promotion antibiotics to enhance swine performance and maintain health (45). In the current study, we found a wide range in the levels of copper and zinc used in swine feed and concentrations often much higher than the NRC recommendations, as depicted in Table 2.…”

Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of di copper chloride tri hydroxide (tribasic copper chloride, TBCC) as feed additive for all species

“…A publication describing three 28-day experiments involving a total of 915 weaned piglets to assess the relative efficacy of TBCC and copper sulphate was submitted (Cromwell et al, 1998).…”

Supplementation of pigs diet with zinc and copper as alternative to conventional antimicrobials

“…The inclusion of Cu to starter diets for weaning pigs is a common practice in swine industry. Cu is mostly used as copper sulfate but Cromwell et al (1998) showed similar efficacy in the case of tri-basic copper chloride. The growth-stimulating properties of dietary copper have been attributed to its antimicrobial action however, it was shown that also intravenous injection of copper to weanling piglets stimulate their growth (Zhou et al 2014).…”