Tribal Distribution in Eastern Oregon and Adjacent Regions

Abstract

TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION I N OREGON 385 to these questions permits filling some of the gaps and correcting some of the uncertainties.6 DISTRIBUTION AT T H E MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Umatilla (yumati'la, from name of principal village, i'mattlam, "lots of rocks") occupied both banks of the Columbia River from the vicinity of Rock Creek (Washington) to a point a few miles below the mouth of the Walla Walla River. North of the Columbia the territory extended to the Horse Heaven Hills, southern boundary of the Yakima. I n Oregon a much greater area was held, reaching south to the John Day River. Beyond lay the Paiute. The eastern and western boundaries were less definite due to greater intercourse with neighboring tribes. Rock Creek (Oregon) furnished an approximate western boundary but Umatilla families sometimes camped as far west as the John Day River;6 reciprocally, the Wayampam or Tenino' enjoyed free movement eastward to Willow Creek. Even on the Columbia This study was conducted for the Department of Anthropology of the University of Washington. A complete catalog of village locations was obtained for the Umatilla, Cayuse, Walula, and Palus, together with additions to a Tenino list acquired earlier. Thus tribal boundaries in this paper are based upon village locations as well as other distributional data. Where variance with my former mapping occurs, the present is the more definitive. The informants responsible for statements in this paper are many, including representatives of every group mentioned (see Ray, 09. cit., pp. 99-100). The most specific data comes

An Archaeological Survey of the Benham Falls Reservoir, Oregon

“…A strong but probably unprovable impression arises on handling the artifacts that much of the material in our collection is not as recent as that which one would find on the surface of most Columbia Plateau sites, especially those to the north along the Columbia River and its larger tributaries. This apparent age would jibe well with a lack of ethnological reference and would, in turn, support the thesis of Ray, et al (1938) that the Paiute were more often than not raided and harried by the Sahaptins. This is, of course, in opposition to Berreman's (1937) suggestions that the Paiute were not only encroaching upon Sahaptin holdings along the Columbia but were in'a fair way to expel the latter from the south bank of that river.…”

From ethnographic knowledge to anthropological intelligence: An anthropologist in the office of strategic services in Second World War Africa

“…17 The Western Shoshoni were of great contemporary anthropological interest and importance (Thomas, Pendleton, and Cappannari 1986). Harris's publications on the White Knives, emphasising subsistence strategies in a harsh environment, betray his materialist perspective (Harris 1938(Harris , 1940a. "Acculturation here", he wrote to his Columbia mentor Ruth Benedict, "is most unexciting", but he gathered data for Linton's project nonetheless.…”

Prehistoric mobile stone sculpture of the lower Columbia River valley: a preliminary study in a southern Northwest Coast culture subarea

“…Fieldwork by anthropologists did not occur until mid-nineteenth century on. Principal sources include Gibbs (1877), Hale (1968), Boas (1893Boas ( , 1894Boas ( , 1901Boas ( , 1911, Sapir (1907Sapir ( , 1909, Spier and Sapir (1930), Jacobs (1936Jacobs ( , 1958Jacobs ( , 1959Jacobs ( , 1960, Ray (1937Ray ( , 1938, and so forth. Later sununary work by ethnologists include Lewis (1906) and Hodge (1907).…”

“…In almost all of these cases, the work was carried out near the end of the decline of the groups or well after they had been incorporated into reservations. The focus was, as Ray (1938) aptly stated, on "ethnographic notes" or linguistic texts and their analysis rather than on full documentation of flourishing groups.…”

“…Along the coast, both north and south of the mouth of the Columbia, a diversity of marine resources were also drawn upon (Phebus and Drucker 1973;Ray 1938;Swan 1972).…”