A new type of miniature ultrasonic telemetry transmitter weighing less than 4 g underwater and usable on fish of less than 0.5 kg weight is described. The signal consisting of a sound pulse triggered by the QRS spike of the electrocardiogram is detectable at ranges to 400 m. Continuous records lasting 7 days were made of cardiac rhythms of brown trout. Mean heart rates were low indicating a metabolic rate of not more than 1.55 times the basal metabolic rate. Maximum heart rates were rare, occupying less than 0.5 % of the time;there was no evidence of build up of oxygen debt due to periods of high activity. Following a settling down period after the attachment of the transmitter, the fish exhibited a diurnal rhythm with higher heart rates during the day. The transition from day to night heart rates and vice versa in one fish was shown to anticipate solar altitude change by half-hour. Missing heart beats (cardiac inhibitory reflexes) are discussed as indicators of a sensory input, but they are not reliable indicators of feeding activity. It is concluded that stamina is not important for normal day to day survival of adult trout and the influence of various ecological factors is discussed.