This article analyzes in depth four main writings by the pioneering nahd . a intellectual Rifa a Rafi al-Tahtawi, who drew on classical kinds of adab to articulate new kinds of political subjectivities. He especially draws on the image of the body politic as a body with the king at its heart. But he reconfigures this image, instead placing the public, or the people, at the heart of politics, a "vanquishing sultan" that governs through public opinion. For al-Tahtawi, adab is a kind of virtuous comportment that governs self and soul and structures political relationships. In this, he does not diverge from classical conceptions of adab as righteous behavior organizing proper social and political relationships. But in his thought, disciplinary training in adab is crucial to the citizen-subject's capacity for self-rule, as he submits to the authority of his individual conscience, ensuring not only freedom, but also justice. These ideas have had lasting impact on Islamic thought, as they have been recycled for the political struggles of new generations.In one of Rifa a Rafi al-Tahtawi's last works, Manahij al-Albab fi Mabahij al-Adab al-Asriyya (Methods for Hearts and Minds in the Pleasures of Modern Literatures, 1869), he likens the homeland to both a body and a tree. "There is no doubt," he writes, "that the homeland [al-wat . an] is like a body, thriving by clipping the dry branch, so that the useful branches may survive." 1 Al-Tahtawi draws on a classic analogy from the Islamic discursive tradition that compares the body politic to a body (and the realm, the mamlaka, to the body of the ruler, al-malik). In this classic image, adab dictates the proper execution of each limb's function, harmonizing the different parts of the whole. This adab is not just a kind of comportment, but also a body of literature with different branches that help structure the political relationships of the wat . an. "I harvested the ripe fruits of Arabic books," he writes, "gathering with them useful French writings, ideas relevant to the issue . . . I reinforced these writings with verses from the Qur an, true hadith, and clear signs, and included abundant examples of models of the scholars, adab of the rhetoricians, and words of poets-all that refreshes minds (al-afhām), strips the intellect (al-dhihn) of delusions, helps in happiness, and makes mastery eternal." 2 Analyses of al-Tahtawi's idea of wat . an, or homeland, tend to emphasize the purely French origins of his concept of la patrie. 3 Yet it is clear that this is not an imported political imaginary, nor does he envision a wholly new political subject, but he roots these ideas in Arabic and Islamic political concepts and especially in the ethics of adab. 4Ellen McLarney is an Assistant Professor in the