Trial and intertrial durations in autoshaping.

Gibbon, John; Baldock, M. D.; Locurto, Charles; Gold, Lois; Terrace, H. S.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.3.3.264

Cited by 235 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the level of responding in the presence of both the CS and cover stimulus varied inversely with stimulus duration, and some significant differences were observed in terminal performance (Tables 2-5). These findings are consistent with those reported by Gibbon et al (1977) who found that, although acquisition speed of autoshaped responding was well predicted by SET, terminal levels of responding varied inversely with trial duration.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Whereas the unequal duration group (CS15-Cov5 group) showed a low level of responding to the CS in comparison to the equal condition (CS15-Cov15 group), the opposite was true for the cover stimulus (for the proportion of trials measure only). This result could be anticipated on the basis differences in cover-cue duration (5 versus 15 s in the unequal and equal conditions, respectively), as well as by the ratio of interreinforcer interval to cover-cue duration (Gibbon, Baldock, Locurto, Gold, & Terrace, 1977;Lattal, 1999). The data provide no support for mediation of CS responding by stimulus generalization from the cover cue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

2004

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Pigeons were exposed to a random relation between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) under the signaled random procedure. All US presentations that were unpaired with the CS were preceded by a second cue, a cover stimulus. Consistent with prior studies, the signaled random procedure supported responding during the CS; however, magnitude of this cover-stimulus effect varied with the duration of the CS relative to the cover-stimulus duration. Higher levels of responding were maintained when the CS and cover stimulus were equal versus unequal in duration. Experiment 1 provides a systematic replication of a study by Williams (1994), who used rat subjects. Higher levels of CS-directed responding were maintained when the cover stimulus was equal in duration to the CS versus when it was shorter. Experiment 2 provides the first demonstration of the effects of cover-stimulus durations that are both longer and shorter than the CS duration, compared to a procedure in which the durations are equivalent. In support of a stimulus-duration-equality effect, level of responding was higher for all equal stimulus-duration groups in comparison to unequal stimulus-duration comparison groups. These effects were accommodated by a common-elements generalization approach to the Rescorla-Wagner model.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

2004

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“…As noted above, there is a lawful relationship between the ratio of the CS and ITI duration and both the speed with which the CR is acquired, and the rate of conditioned responding (e.g. Gibbon, Baldock, Locurto and Terrace, 1977;Holland, 2000;Lattal, 1999;Terrace, Gibbon, Farrell & Baldock, 1977), and it is a challenge for trial-based theories to explain such effects (although see e.g., Holland, 2000;Bouton & Sunsay, 2003). Moreover, timing accuracy is governed by Weber's law, such that the variability in timing is proportional to the duration of the interval being timed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet the importance of time in conditioning has been recognized since Pavlov (1927), who observed that maximum conditioned responding occurs at the end of temporally extended CSs -inhibition of delay. Others have reported a systematic relationship between the relative durations of the CS and intertrial interval (ITI), and both the speed with which the CR develops (Gibbon, Baldock, Locurto and Terrace, 1977) and its final asymptotic rate (e.g. Lattal, 1999;Terrace, Gibbon, Farrell & Baldock, 1975; but see Holland, 2000;Kirkpatrick & Church, 2000).…”

Section: Associative Models and Timementioning

confidence: 99%

Overshadowing by fixed- and variable-duration stimuli

Bonardi

Mondragón²,

Brilot

et al. 2015

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Two experiments investigated the effect of the temporal distribution form of a stimulus on its ability to produce an overshadowing effect. The overshadowing stimuli were either of the same duration on every trial, or of a variable duration drawn from an exponential distribution with the same mean duration as that of the fixed stimulus. Both experiments provided evidence that a variable duration stimulus was less effective than a fixed duration cue at overshadowing conditioning to a target CS; moreover, this effect was independent of whether the overshadowed CS was fixed or variable. The findings presented here are consistent with the idea that the strength of the association between CS and US is, in part, determined by the temporal distribution form of the CS. These results are discussed in terms of time-accumulation and trial-based theories of conditioning and timing.

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“…When the ITI is random, then no temporal conditioning should occur in the ITI. Supposedly, the degree of conditioning to the CS is unaffected by the degree of variability of the ITI (Gibbon et al, 1977). Moreover, with a variable duration CS, timing should not occur during the CS, only during the ITI (when the ITI is fixed).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are separate theories of conditioning and timing necessary?

Kirkpatrick

Church

1998

Behavioural Processes

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Conditioning and timing studies have evolved under separate traditions, which is exemplified in both traditional theories (e.g. the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning vs. Scalar Timing Theory) and in a dual process model (Gibbon, J., Balsam, P., 1981. In: Autoshaping and Conditioning Theory. Academic Press, New York.). Other lines of theoretical development in both timing and conditioning fields have resulted in the emergence of 'hybrid' theories in which conditioning and timing processes are integrated. Simulations were conducted with a recent hybrid theory of timing (Machado, A., 1997. Psychol. Rev. 104, 241 -265). The simulations were of classical conditioning procedures in which the local or global predictability of food was varied by manipulating the variability of the CS-US relationship, variability of the CS duration, and variability of the intertrial interval. The hybrid model provided good qualitative fits to indices of conditioning (discrimination ratios) and timing (local rates of responding), indicating that it may be possible to model both conditioning and timing results with a single process in which an internal representation of time and a strength of association are integrated. However, the failure of the model to provide good quantitative fits of the data indicates the need for a consideration of alternative perceptual representations of time and/or principles of association within the framework of the hybrid model.

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Trial and intertrial durations in autoshaping.

Cited by 235 publications

References 15 publications

The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

The Cover-Stimulus Effect: Role of Similarity in Durations of The CS and Cover Cues

Overshadowing by fixed- and variable-duration stimuli

Are separate theories of conditioning and timing necessary?

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