Trial and error versus "insightful" problem solving: Effects of distraction, additional response alternatives, and longer response chains.

Abstract

3 variables were manipulated in a switch-light, problem-solving task which could be solved either by overt trial-and-error or, if Ss were pretrained, by long-latency "insightful" behavior. The results showed that for the overt problem solvers, more switch presses and more time to criterion were required (a) when a distracting switch (response) was present, (b) with increases in the number of available switches, and (c) with increases in the number of switches required for solution. For the pretrained covert problem solvers, these variables resulted in more time to criterion, but not more switch presses.

A review of the problem-solving literature and its relationship to the counseling process.

“…Globally, it appears that "good" problem solvers "understand" the essence of problems (Bloom & Broder, 1950). After a review of the literature, Bourne, Ekstrand, and Dominowski (1971) concluded that the more information a person has about a problem, the easier it is to solve the problem (e.g., Davis, 1966;Davis, Train, & Manske, 1968;Duncan, 1963). Several investigators have revealed that the first step of successful problem solvers is to gather all the information and facts (DeGroot, 1965;Maier & Solera, 1962;Simon & Barenfeld, 1969).…”

Comment on "An examination of the alleged role of 'fixation' in the solution of several 'insight' problems" by Weisberg and Alba.

“…It was in contrast to this radical view that the Gestalt psychologists argued that important aspects of problem solving took place before a solution was executed via motor activity. This distinction between "overt" and "covert" processes was made by Davis, Train, & Manske (1968) and is illustrated by the instructions that Weisberg and Suls (1973) gave their subjects: "The Ss were asked to copy down the number that was on the board immediately after a solution had been devised, but before it was written down" (p. 264). In modern context, where cognitive processes are readily accepted, the Gestalt psychologists can be seen to view insight not as an exotic precursor of problem solving but as a possible accompaniment to problem solving.…”