Triacylglyceride Thermal Cracking: Pathways to Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Abstract

Supporting information includes Table S1 on gas phase analysis and related details of the analytical protocol used.

Evaluation of sequential solvent and thermal extraction followed by analytical pyrolysis for chemical characterization of carbonaceous particulate matter

“…3). This observation suggests that some PAHs evolving from PM at elevated temperatures may be formed as a result of cyclization of linear free radicals, the primary products of thermal decomposition of longchain hydrocarbons [41][42][43]. This observation needs to be taken into account when defining HMW compounds in PM.…”

“…Other volatile aromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, styrene, and xylenes, were only observed following the pyrolysis at 500 and 600 • C. These chemicals may be released from the matrix as a result of thermal decomposition of aromatic HMW species. Alternatively, they may be formed as cyclization products of gas-phase radical reactions occurring during pyrolysis [41][42][43].…”

Catalytic hydrothermal processing of lipids using metal doped zeolites

“…The type of isomer present also effects the direction of the reaction, for instance the breakdown of the cis-form of oleic acid produces undecene and the trans-form produces heptanoic acid [26]. Mono substituted aromatic compounds are also formed by endocyclization and di-substituted aromatics can also be formed by exo-cyclization such as 1-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene which is formed by the cyclization of nonene [34,35]. One possible mechanism for the formation of aromatics is therefore the degradation of linoleic acid to smaller dienes followed by subsequent Diels-Alder reactions to form tri 1,2,3 substituted analogues or 1,3-di-substituted analogues such as 1,3-ethyl-dimethyl-benzene.…”

Reaction pathway analysis in thermal cracking of waste cooking oil to hydrocarbons based on monomolecular lumped kinetics

“…In the literature, kinetic experiments were performed for thermal cracking of vegetable oils such as canola [10][11][12][13], soybean [13,14], rapeseed [15], and buriti [16] oils. In addition, thermal cracking of Calotropis procera biocrude [17], oleic acid [18], abietic acid and tall oil fatty acids [19] was also studied.…”

“…In addition, thermal cracking of Calotropis procera biocrude [17], oleic acid [18], abietic acid and tall oil fatty acids [19] was also studied. The free radical chemistry for thermal cracking of triglycerides to hydrocarbons was proposed by several researchers [10,12,16,[20][21][22][23]. The plausible free radical reactions considered are breaking of CAO bonds present at the backbone of the triglycerides followed by decarbonylation, decarboxylation, ketene elimination, b-scission, alkylation, cyclization, aromatization and so on.…”