Trends of depression and anxiety during massive civil unrest and COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 2019–2020

Hou, Wai Kai; Li, Tsz Wai; Liang, Li; Liu, Huinan; Ettman, Catherine K.; Hobfoll, Stevan E.; Lee, Tatia Mei-Chun; Galea, Sandro

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.037

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Of interest, our results showed that both the perceived harms items on depression and anxiety decreased significantly. This corroborates the results of a previous longitudinal observation cohort study in England that the levels of depression and anxiety declined over time during the COVID-19 pandemic (30), as well as that of a study using repeated cross-sectional surveys in Hong Kong which reported declines in both probable depression and anxiety from February to August 2020 (9). The above results collectively suggest that some people had adapted to the adverse situation amid the COVID-19 pandemic over time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In Hong Kong, we have reported the mental health crisis early amid the COVID-19 pandemic ( 7 ) and factors associated with mental health symptoms ( 8 ). The levels of probable depression and anxiety declined further into the pandemic ( 9 ), and seasonal flu had also subsided abruptly ( 10 ). Despite the economic slowdown in general, logistics related sectors, such as those providing postal and courier services, have seen business increased by over 30% ( 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mass vaccination programme is made available, more and more people are protected against serious consequences of COVID-19 ( 28 , 29 ). People could also become emotionally adapted to the pandemic ( 9 , 30 ) through cognitive reappraisal where adverse events are seen as positive challenges rather than merely threats ( 31 ). However, socioeconomic disparities could persist despite changes in the perception of the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substantial increase in perceived benefits over harms of COVID-19 outbreak but persistent socioeconomic disparities: Comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Hong Kong from 2020 to 2021

Leung

Gong

Sit

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundWe have reported both perceived benefits and harms of the COVID-19 outbreak and their socioeconomic disparities amid the pandemic in Hong Kong. We further investigated whether such perceptions and disparities had changed after 10 months.MethodsUnder the Hong Kong Jockey Club SMART Family-Link Project, we conducted two cross-sectional surveys online on perceived personal and family benefits and harms of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hong Kong adults in May 2020 (after Wave 2 was under control; N = 4,891) and in February and March 2021 (after Wave 4 was under control; N = 6,013). We collected sociodemographic information, including sex, age, education, household income, and housing. Using multivariate models of analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), we compared perceived benefits and harms and socioeconomic disparities between the two surveys.ResultsAdjusting for sex and age, the prevalence of 17 out of 18 perceived personal and family benefits of COVID-19 outbreak increased (Ps < 0.001). Six of 11 perceived personal and family harms decreased (Ps < 0.001) and 4 increased (Ps < 0.001). The total number of perceived personal and family benefits increased substantially (Ps < 0.001), whereas that of perceived personal harms decreased (P = 0.01) and family harms remained stable (P > 0.05). Socioeconomic disparities, however, persisted—more perceived benefits in those with higher socioeconomic status (Ps < 0.001) and more perceived harms in those with lower (Ps ≤ 0.005).ConclusionWe have first reported that perceived personal and family benefits of the COVID-19 outbreak increased substantially over 10 months amid the pandemic, while perceived personal and family harms were lower and stable, respectively. Socioeconomic disparities of the perceived benefits and harms persisted, which need to be monitored and addressed urgently.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Substantial increase in perceived benefits over harms of COVID-19 outbreak but persistent socioeconomic disparities: Comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Hong Kong from 2020 to 2021

Leung

Gong

Sit

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…For race/ethnicity and sex, trends were generally equivalent with increases across all groups. 6 Early reports in 2020 and forward suggest that the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has contributed to a worsening mental health crisis in the U.S., 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 especially among adolescents and young adults. 4 Obtaining accurate prepandemic national estimates is critical to eventually quantifying and adequately addressing the mental health impact of the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in U.S. Depression Prevalence From 2015 to 2020: The Widening Treatment Gap

Goodwin¹,

Dierker²,

Wu³

et al. 2022

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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162

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“…a lack of personal coping resources) (Galovski et al ., 2016 ; Wong et al ., 2021a ). The anti-ELAB movement incubated, developed, and faded over a dynamic process, and this synchronized with the trend of depression over time (Hou et al ., 2022 ). Subjective experiences of support and relationship quality with close social partners were positively associated with better mental health among adolescents during the anti-ELAB movement (Wong et al ., 2021b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relation of unrest-related distress with probable depression during and after widespread civil unrest

Tao

Yim

et al. 2022

Glob. Ment. Health

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Background This study investigated whether subjective unrest-related distress was associated with probable depression during and after the 2019 anti-ELAB movement in Hong Kong. Methods Population-representative data were collected from 7157 Hong Kong Chinese in four cross-sectional surveys (July 2019–July 2020). Logistic regression examined the association between subjective unrest-related distress and probable depression (PHQ-9 ⩾ 10), stratified by the number of conflicts/protests across the four timepoints. Results Unrest-related distress was positively associated with probable depression across different numbers of conflicts/protests. Conclusion Unrest-related distress is a core indicator of probable depression. Public health interventions should target at resolving the distress during seemingly peaceful period after unrest.

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Trends of depression and anxiety during massive civil unrest and COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 2019–2020

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

Substantial increase in perceived benefits over harms of COVID-19 outbreak but persistent socioeconomic disparities: Comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Hong Kong from 2020 to 2021

Substantial increase in perceived benefits over harms of COVID-19 outbreak but persistent socioeconomic disparities: Comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Hong Kong from 2020 to 2021

Trends in U.S. Depression Prevalence From 2015 to 2020: The Widening Treatment Gap

The relation of unrest-related distress with probable depression during and after widespread civil unrest

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