Trends of deposition fluxes and loadings of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest across northern China

Zhang, Xiaodong; Huang, Tao; Zhang, Leiming; Gao, Hong; Shen, Yanjie; Ma, Jianmin

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.022

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The gridded slopes (trends) of the linear regressions denote the increasing (positive) or decreasing (negative) rates of SO 2 VCD Huang et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2015Zhang et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Trends and Step Changementioning

confidence: 99%

OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The rapid growth of economy makes China the largest energy consumer and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emitter in the world. In this study, we estimated the trends and step changes in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) vertical column density (VCD) of SO 2 from 2005 to 2015 over China measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We show that these trends and step change years coincide with the effective date and period of the national strategy for energy development and relocation in northwestern China and the regulations in the reduction of SO 2 emissions. Under the national regulations for the reduction of SO 2 emissions in eastern and southern China, SO 2 VCD in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of southern China exhibited the largest decline during 2005-2015 at a rate of −7 % yr −1 , followed by the North China Plain (NCP) (−6.7 % yr −1 ), Sichuan Basin (−6.3 % yr −1 ), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) (−6 % yr −1 ). The Mann-Kendall (MK) test reveals the step change points of declining SO 2 VCD in 2009 for the PRD and 2012-2013 for eastern China responding to the implementation of SO 2 control regulation in these regions. In contrast, the MK test and regression analysis also revealed increasing trends of SO 2 VCD in northwestern China, particularly for several "hot spots" featured by growing SO 2 VCD in those large-scale energy industry bases in northwestern China. The enhanced SO 2 VCD is potentially attributable to increasing SO 2 emissions due to the development of large-scale energy industry bases in energy-abundant northwestern China under the national strategy for the energy safety of China in the 21st century. We show that these largescale energy industry bases could overwhelm the trends and changes in provincial total SO 2 emissions in northwestern China and contribute increasingly to the national total SO 2 emissions in China. Given that northwestern China is more ecologically fragile and uniquely susceptible to atmospheric pollution than the rest of China, increasing SO 2 emissions in this part of China should not be overlooked and merit scientific research.

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“…The gridded slopes (trends) of the linear regressions denote the increasing (positive) or decreasing (negative) rates of SO 2 VCD Huang et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2015Zhang et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Trends and Step Changementioning

confidence: 99%

OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

et al. 2017

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“…While trees and plants can efficiently remove pollutants from the atmosphere (Nowak et al, 2006(Nowak et al, , 2014Myles et al, 2012;Camporn, 2013;Fenn et al, 2013;Adon et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2015), they also play a role in air pollution through atmospheric chemistry. It has been widely acknowledged that terrestrial ecosystems release large quantities of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere as a significant product of biosynthetic activities of trees and plants (Purves et al, 2004;Zemankova and Brechler, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-North Shelter Forest Program contribution to long-term increasing trends of biogenic isoprene emissions in northern China

et al. 2016

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Abstract. To assess the long-term trends of isoprene emissions in northern China and the impact of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNRSF) on these trends, a database of historical biogenic isoprene emissions from 1982 to 2010 was developed for this region using a biogenic emission model for gases and aerosols. The total amount of the biogenic isoprene emissions during the 3 decades was 4.4 Tg in northern China and 1.6 Tg in the TNRSF, with annual emissions ranging from 132 000 to 176 000 t yr−1 and from 45 000 to 70 000 t yr−1, respectively, in the two regions. Isoprene emission fluxes have increased substantially in many areas of the TNRSF over the last 3 decades due to the growing trees and vegetation coverage, especially in the central north China region where the highest emission incline reached to 58 % from 1982 to 2010. Biogenic isoprene emissions produced from anthropogenic forests tended to surpass those produced from natural forests, such as boreal forests in northeastern China. The estimated isoprene emissions suggest that the TNRSF has altered the long-term emission trend in north China from a decreasing trend during 1982 to 2010 (slope  =  −0.533, R2 = 0.05) to an increasing trend for the same period of time (slope  =  0.347, R2 = 0.014), providing strong evidence for the change in the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) induced by the human activities on decadal or longer timescales.

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“…As mentioned, the roughness lengths in the present study were derived from the NDVI. 16 Hence, the consistence of the dry particle deposition fluxes with the roughness length imply that greater removal of BaP in the TNRSF was attributed, to some extent, to the areas with faster growing vegetation coverage. Relatively large values and increasing trend of the LAIs can be found in the border region between Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces ( Figure S16); however, the net exchange flux of BaP exhibited negative trends in this region.…”

Section: Field and Model Evidence The Global Distribution Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8−10 While the TNRSF aims to improve regional ecological environments, 11−15 it was recently found to play a role in the removal of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) through dry deposition. 16 It was shown that the increasing vegetation coverage in the TNRSF over the past 30 years had increased its efficiency in removing air contaminations from the atmosphere. Compared with criteria air pollutants such as SO 2 and NO x , the pathways in the uptake of organic pollutants by forests are more complex because they involve air−canopy exchange, air−soil exchange subjected to the soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and soil−vegetation exchange.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A dry deposition scheme for fine (PM 2.5 ), coarse (PM 2.5−10 ), and giant (PM 10+ ) particles recently developed by Zhang and He 44,45 was adopted to calculate dry deposition velocity of particle-bound PAHs. To avoid overestimation of the selected PAHs dry deposition, particle-bound BaP was assumed to be in the accumulation mode with particle diameters between 0.1 and 2.5 μm, 46 although a mass fraction of 0.3 was used for coarse particles in Zhang et al 45 The surface roughness length and LAI (leaf area index) data used in the estimation of dry deposition velocities were obtained from Zhang et al 16 ( Figures S5−S7). The meteorological data used in the modeling and computation of the dry deposition velocity include monthly mean surface and skin temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, surface pressure, and wind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Large-Scale Land-Use Change on the Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest Across Northern China

Huang

Zhang

Ling

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study quantifies the influence of large-scale land-use change induced by the artificial Three-Northern Regions Shelter Forest (TNRSF) across northern China on the environmental cycling of organic chemicals. Atmospheric removal and long-term trends of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species, phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), resulting from increasing vegetation coverage and soil organic carbon in the TNRSF over the last two decades were examined. Field sampling data and modeling result showed that the total atmospheric removal of PHE by TNRSF increased from 36.4 tons in 1990 to 76.8 tons in 2010, increasing at a rate of 5.6% yr −1 , and BaP from 2.2 to 4.5 tons, increasing at a rate of 5.2% yr −1 . Three model scenarios were designed to distinguish the effects of atmospheric emissions, and with and without TNRSF on the environmental fate of PAHs. Approximately 1−4% of PHE and BaP emitted in northern China were removed by the TNRSF during 1990−2010. Model simulations revealed that the TNRSF enhanced atmospheric removal of PHE by 29% and BaP by 53% compared with the simulation without the TNRSF, manifesting marked contributions of land-use change by the artificial TNRSF, the largest afforestation activity in human history, to the atmospheric removal of organic chemicals.

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Trends of deposition fluxes and loadings of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest across northern China

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

Three-North Shelter Forest Program contribution to long-term increasing trends of biogenic isoprene emissions in northern China

Impacts of Large-Scale Land-Use Change on the Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest Across Northern China

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Trends of deposition fluxes and loadings of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest across northern China

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

OMI-measured increasing SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

OMI-measured increasing SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

Three-North Shelter Forest Program contribution to long-term increasing trends of biogenic isoprene emissions in northern China

Impacts of Large-Scale Land-Use Change on the Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest Across Northern China

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OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China

OMI-measured increasing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to energy industry expansion and relocation in northwestern China