Trends in Using Fluorescent MXene Quantum Dots for Selective Detection and Bioimaging Applications: A Review
Ragini Singh,
Santosh Kumar,
Santanu Bera
et al.
Abstract:MXene
quantum dots (MXene QDs) are considered an excellent
emerging
zero-dimensional nanomaterial in recent times due to their excellent
photophysical and chemical properties. Excitation-dependent emission
properties, biocompatibility, photostability, and dispersion stability
of these QDs undoubtedly prove to be active potential candidates for
environmental and biomedical applications. This review paper focuses
on the progress of MXene quantum dots synthesis via various approaches,
their sensing toward various… Show more
“…Sensor technology has broad prospects in macrophage imaging due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness [ 101 ]. Kumar et al developed WaveFlex-structure sensors to monitor various biomarkers [ 102 – 107 ], such as alanine aminotransferase [ 108 ], providing valuable reference for tracking metabolic parameters through well-designed sensors. Fig.…”
Section: Nm-mediated Macrophage Activity Visualization and Fate Tailo...mentioning
Macrophage immunotherapy represents an emerging therapeutic approach aimed at modulating the immune response to alleviate disease symptoms. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been engineered to monitor macrophage metabolism, enabling the evaluation of disease progression and the replication of intricate physiological signal patterns. They achieve this either directly or by delivering regulatory signals, thereby mapping phenotype to effector functions through metabolic repurposing to customize macrophage fate for therapy. However, a comprehensive summary regarding NM-mediated macrophage visualization and coordinated metabolic rewiring to maintain phenotypic equilibrium is currently lacking. This review aims to address this gap by outlining recent advancements in NM-based metabolic immunotherapy. We initially explore the relationship between metabolism, polarization, and disease, before delving into recent NM innovations that visualize macrophage activity to elucidate disease onset and fine-tune its fate through metabolic remodeling for macrophage-centered immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of NM-mediated metabolic immunotherapy, aiming to accelerate clinical translation. We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers seeking to leverage novel metabolic intervention-matched immunomodulators in macrophages or other fields of immune engineering.
“…Sensor technology has broad prospects in macrophage imaging due to its high sensitivity, simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness [ 101 ]. Kumar et al developed WaveFlex-structure sensors to monitor various biomarkers [ 102 – 107 ], such as alanine aminotransferase [ 108 ], providing valuable reference for tracking metabolic parameters through well-designed sensors. Fig.…”
Section: Nm-mediated Macrophage Activity Visualization and Fate Tailo...mentioning
Macrophage immunotherapy represents an emerging therapeutic approach aimed at modulating the immune response to alleviate disease symptoms. Nanomaterials (NMs) have been engineered to monitor macrophage metabolism, enabling the evaluation of disease progression and the replication of intricate physiological signal patterns. They achieve this either directly or by delivering regulatory signals, thereby mapping phenotype to effector functions through metabolic repurposing to customize macrophage fate for therapy. However, a comprehensive summary regarding NM-mediated macrophage visualization and coordinated metabolic rewiring to maintain phenotypic equilibrium is currently lacking. This review aims to address this gap by outlining recent advancements in NM-based metabolic immunotherapy. We initially explore the relationship between metabolism, polarization, and disease, before delving into recent NM innovations that visualize macrophage activity to elucidate disease onset and fine-tune its fate through metabolic remodeling for macrophage-centered immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of NM-mediated metabolic immunotherapy, aiming to accelerate clinical translation. We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers seeking to leverage novel metabolic intervention-matched immunomodulators in macrophages or other fields of immune engineering.
“…Compared with 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, MQDs exhibit enhanced photoluminescence due to quantum size effect and surface defects, thus show excellent performance in biosignal detection, cellular imaging, cancer therapy, and so forth. 31,32 Therefore, we investigated the transformation behavior from the as-obtained Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene to MQDs and the optical properties of the MQDs. The morphology and lattice structure of the MQDs were investigated by high resolution TEM (HRTEM) images.…”
Section: Properties Of Glucose-derived Ti 3 C 2 T X Mxene and Mqdsmentioning
The family of MAX phases and their two‐dimensional derivative MXenes attract significant attention due to their unparalleled properties. Synthesis of MAX phases and MXene from biomass sources is important to expand their biology‐related applications, while it remains a challenge. The present work explores the possibility to synthesize MAX phases and subsequently derive MXenes by using biomass precursor. Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was synthesized by using glucose as the carbon source in molten salt. The conversion behavior from glucose to Ti3AlC2 was investigated, and the conversion rate of carbon from glucose reached to 70.4% by optimizing the reaction conditions. The as‐obtained Ti3AlC2 can be derived into Ti3C2Tx MXene and MXene quantum dots by common chemical treatments, which provides possibility for biomass‐derived nanolaminates applying in biological applications such as biological catalysis, bioinstrumentation, and biological tracking.
“…Furthermore, MXene’s abundant surface functional groups, including fluorine (−F), hydroxyl (−OH), and oxygen (−O), offer numerous active sites for surface functionalization, allowing for adjustable bandgap widths ranging from semiconductors to metals . The high specific surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, compatibility with device integration, and assembly-friendly structural properties of MXene position them as an exemplary platform for gas-sensing applications. − …”
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is a significant environmental and human health hazard. Current NO 2 sensors often lack sensitivity and selectivity under ambient conditions. This study investigates ammonia pyrolysis modification of monolayer Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene to enhance NO 2 detection at room temperature. Nitrogen-doped Ti 3 C 2 T x demonstrates a substantial improvement in sensitivity, with a response of 8.87% to 50 ppm of NO 2 compared to 0.65% for the original sensor, representing a 13.8-fold increase. The nitrogen-doped sensor also exhibits superior selectivity and linearity for NO 2 under ambient conditions. Theoretical analysis shows that nitrogen incorporation promotes enhanced interaction between Ti 3 C 2 T x and its surface oxygen-containing functional groups through electronic hybridization, resulting in improved adsorption energy (1.80 |eV|) and electron transfer efficiency (0.67 |e|) for NO 2 , thereby enhancing its gas-sensing performance. This study highlights the potential of ammonia pyrolysis-treated Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene for advancing NO 2 sensor technologies with heightened performance at room temperature.
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