Trends in the Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the United States: A Review

Szpunar, Susan; Burt, Brian A.

doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1987.tb01980.x

Cited by 106 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The prevalence of fluorosis observed among the children attending the dental clinics of the BHUs of Londrina is also higher than the values observed by other authors who worked with population-based data instead of subjects attending clinics 16,19,25,27,30 . These studies concern the prevalence of dental fluorosis in children exposed to fluoridated water with 0.6 to 1.2 ppm of fluoride and range from 13% to 60%.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

“…On the other hand, during the last two decades much attention has been given to the safety and risks associated to its employment. This is mainly due to the evidences demonstrating a possible increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas all over the world 8,16,19,27,30 . Even though this increase comprises mainly mild fluorosis, there are indications of a slight increase in the moderate forms of this disturbance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dental fluorosis in children attending basic health units

Gonini¹,

Morita

2004

J. Appl. Oral Sci.

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RESUMOwww.fob.usp.br -www.scielo.br bjectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among patients attending basic health units in Londrina. Methods: Five basic health units of the urban area were randomly selected and 434 children attending these units, born between 1986 and 1989 (9 to 12 years of age), were examined. Diagnosis of dental fluorosis was performed by means of the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) Index. Oral examinations were carried out by 5 previously trained dentists with the patients lying in the dental chair, under artificial light, preceded by prophylaxis, isolation with cotton rolls and air-drying of the teeth. Ten percent of the sample was reexamined and an almost perfect agreement on diagnostic criteria was obtained either on the intra-examiner or inter-examiner evaluation (K=1.00, p<0.0001). Results: The observed prevalence of dental fluorosis was 91.0%, and 87.8% of the individuals were classified as TF grade 2 or less. Conclusions: Despite of the low severity, the high prevalence observed shows the need for regular screening of dental fluorosis in Londrina; establishment of procedures to prevent the overutilization of fluoride both by the professionals and the population; sanitary surveillance of fluoride levels in water supply and also in all sources of fluoride available; besides the need for further studies to understand the factors associated to dental fluorosis among children living in Londrina. Uniterms: Dental fluorosis, epidemiology; Fluoride, adverse effects; Water fluoridation. bjetivos: Estabelecer a freqüência e severidade de fluorose dentária entre pacientes de clínicas odontológicas da rede de Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Londrina. Materiais e Métodos: Cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde -zona urbana -foram sorteadas e 434 pacientes das clínicas odontológicas destas unidades de saúde, nascidos entre 1986 e 1989 (9 a 12 anos de idade), foram examinados. O diagnóstico da fluorose dentária foi feito utilizando-se o Índice Thylstrup e Fejerskov (TF). Os exames bucais foram realizados por cinco cirurgiões dentistas previamente treinados, com o paciente deitado, utilizando-se iluminação artificial, tendo-se procedido profilaxia, isolamento relativo e secagem dos dentes. Dez por cento da amostra foi reexaminada, tendo-se obtido concordância quase perfeita nos critérios de diagnóstico, tanto intra-examinador como interexaminadores (K=1.00, p< 0.0001). Resultados: A freqüência de fluorose dentária verificada foi de 91.0%, com 87.8% dos indivíduos classificados como TF grau 2 ou menor. Conclusões: A alta freqüência encontrada, embora a severidade tenha sido baixa, aponta a necessidade de monitoramento periódico da fluorose dentária em Londrina, de implementação de medidas que previnam a sobre-utilização do flúor, tanto pelos profissionais quanto pela população, de vigilância sanitária dos teores de flúor na água de consumo público e de todas outras fontes de exposição além da realização de estudos para a compreensão dos fatores...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental fluorosis in children attending basic health units

Gonini¹,

Morita

2004

J. Appl. Oral Sci.

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“…Weaver 44 showed that the caries in 12 year-olds declined by 50% in both South Side-effects of fluoride There has been growing concern about the increasing problem of dental fluorosis. With the widespread use of fluoridated toothpastes, and accidental ingestion by very young children, in industrialised countries in the past 30 years there are more reports of unacceptable fluorosis of the front teeth 45,46 . Recent studies have reported fluorosis prevalence ranging from 3% to 42% in communities with negligibly fluoridated water and between 45% and 81% in areas with optimal fluoridation 46±52 .…”

Section: The Interaction Of Sugars and Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Food transitions in the 20th–21st century

Bengoa¹

2001

PHN

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Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease and its consequences cause a lot of pain and suffering. Sugars, particularly sucrose, are the most important dietary aetiological cause of caries. Both the frequency of consumption and total amount of sugars is important in the aetiology of caries.`The evidence establishing sugars as an aetiological factor in dental caries is overwhelming. The foundation of this lies in the multiplicity of studies rather than the power of any one.'1 . That statement by the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force on Oral Health, Diet and Other Factors, sums up the relationship between sugars and caries in Europe. There is no evidence that sugars naturally incorporated in the cellular structure of foods (intrinsic sugars) or lactose in milk or milk products (milk sugars) have adverse effects on health. Foods rich in starch, without the addition of sugars, play a small role in coronal dental caries. The intake of extrinsic sugars beyond four times a day leads to an increase risk of dental caries. The current dose-response relationship between caries and extrinsic sugars suggests that the sugars levels above 60 g/person/day for teenagers and adults increases the rate of caries. For pre-school and young children the intakes should be proportional to those for teenagers; about 30 g/person/day for pre-school children. Fluoride, particularly in toothpastes, is a very important preventive agent against dental caries. Toothbrushing without fluorides has little effect on caries. As additional fluoride to that currently available in toothpaste does not appear to be benefiting the teeth of the majority of people, the main strategy to further reduce the levels of caries, is reducing the frequency of sugars intakes in the diet. Dental erosion rates are considered to be increasing. The aetiology is acids in foods and drinks and to a much lesser extent from regurgitation.

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“…However, a review by Szpunar and Burt (2), observed an increase in the prevalence of enamel defects in the United States in spite of no appreciable increase in severity. Although Burt and Eklund (3) did not justify classifying enamel defects as a public health problem, they recognized that the public's concern about esthetics could increase the potential for enamel defects to become a problem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esthetic perception and psychosocial impact of developmental enamel defects among Malaysian adolescents

2004

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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial impact of enamel defects among 16-year-old school children on the island of Penang. The data were collected through a selfadministered questionnaire survey and an oral examination, using the Modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (FDI, 1992). In all, 1024 subjects were selected using a multistage random sampling technique. About two-thirds of the sample (67.1%) had at least one tooth affected by enamel defects. Enamel opacities accounted for 85.6% of the total condition. Diffuse-type opacity predominated (63.5%). Among subjects who expressed dissatisfaction, 18.8% reported covering their mouths when smiling, 8.7% avoided going out with friends and 39.1% had consulted their dentists. About 17% of the subjects reported that their parents had complained about the color of their front teeth but only 5.7% had experienced being teased by their friends about the problem. Two-thirds of the subjects were affected by enamel defects involving at least one tooth; however, the esthetic perception and psychosocial impact of those affected were minor. (J. Oral Sci. 46, [221][222][223][224][225][226] 2004)

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Trends in the Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the United States: A Review

Cited by 106 publications

References 61 publications

Dental fluorosis in children attending basic health units

Dental fluorosis in children attending basic health units

Food transitions in the 20th–21st century

Esthetic perception and psychosocial impact of developmental enamel defects among Malaysian adolescents

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