Trends in the Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection During Pregnancy and Maternal-Infant Outcomes in the US, 1998 to 2018

Abstract

ImportanceInjection drug use is the primary risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adults. More than one-third of newly reported HCV cases occur in women, particularly among persons aged 20 to 39 years. However, nationally representative data on HCV during pregnancy are limited.ObjectiveTo estimate the temporal trend of HCV-positive pregnancies during the opioid epidemic and identify HCV-associated maternal and perinatal outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional study was performed with data from the US, from calendar year 1998 through 2018. Data analysis was conducted from November 14, 2021, to May 14, 2023. Participants included women during in-hospital childbirth or spontaneous abortion in the National Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.ExposureMaternal HCV infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was the temporal trend, measured as change in the annual prevalence, in the prevalence of HCV positivity among pregnant women since the start of the opioid epidemic in the late 1990s. Secondary outcomes were the associations shown as relative odds between maternal HCV infection and maternal and perinatal adverse events.ResultsDuring the study period, more than 70 million hospital admissions resulted in childbirth or spontaneous abortion. Among them, 137 259 (0.20%; 95% CI, 0.19%-0.21%) involved mothers with HCV; these individuals were more often White (77.4%; 95% CI, 76.1%-78.6%), low-income (40.0%; 95% CI, 38.6%-41.5%), and likely to have histories of tobacco (41.7%; 95% CI, 40.6%-42.9%), alcohol (1.8%; 95% CI, 1.6%-2.0%), and opioid (28.9%; 95% CI, 27.3%-30.6%) use compared with HCV-negative mothers. The median age of women with HCV was 28.0 (IQR, 24.3-32.2) years, and the median age of HCV-negative women was 27.2 (IQR, 22.7-31.8) years. The prevalence of HCV-positive pregnancies increased 16-fold during the study period, reaching 5.3 (95% CI, 4.9-5.7) cases per 1000 pregnancies in 2018. Age-specific prevalence increases ranged from 3-fold (age, 41-50 years) to 31-fold (age, 21-30 years). Higher odds of cesarean delivery, preterm labor, poor fetal growth, or fetal distress were associated with HCV-positivity during pregnancy. However, no significant differences were observed in gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia, or stillbirths.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of HCV-positive pregnancies increased markedly, and maternal HCV infection was associated with increased risks for adverse perinatal outcomes. These data may support recent recommendations for universal HCV screening with each pregnancy.

Implication of viruses in the etiology of preeclampsia

“…161 Therefore, current evidence regarding the association between HBV and preeclampsia remains conflicting. No studies have provided evidence that other hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, 156,162,163 increase the risk of preeclampsia.…”

Breastfeeding Initiation in People With Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States

“…The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in pregnancy is estimated to be 0.5–2.5% in the United States, with recent studies showing that HCV infection rates among birthing individuals are increasing by as much as 12.5% per year. 1–4 Given the rising prevalence and the implications of HCV infection on maternal–child health, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend universal screening for HCV infection in pregnancy. 5–7…”