1N THE last issue of the REVIEW devoted to the subject of curriculum (1), studies utilizing a historical approach were included under titles dealing with some specialized phase of curriculum and curriculum planning. It is the intent of this chapter to discuss research and other materials based upon research focused upon trends in curriculum development, histories of education and historical studies in special fields, historical development of curriculum in individual or state school systems, and literature of curriculum terminology.
Trends in Curriculum DevelopmentTrends in curriculum development were last reported in various sections of the June 1954 issue of the REVIEW (1). Merritt and Harap (49) reviewed trends in the production of curriculum guides as reflected by the output of publications during the period 1951-1953. Harap (33) reviewed trends in curriculum practices and planning procedures. He noted emphasis upon fundamental and useful learning, learning to work and live together, and a continuous demand for artistic and musical training for children. A continuing trend in the fusion of related subjects with core emphasis in the junior and senior high school was indicated. Leaders in curriculum development were reported as concluding that the individual school is the most effective instrument for curriculum change. Caswell and Bellack (18) also reported curriculum developments of recent years. They identified four areas that have become crucial in connection with curriculum development: (a) modern construction of the fundamentals of education, (b) differentiation of the role of the educator from that of the lay citizen in curriculum change, (c) assurance of quality of teaching and learning, and (d) the preservation of freedom of teaching and learning. Russell and Parker (56) reviewed some of the conditions that have influenced curriculum development over the years and discussed various guides to research for teachers. They concluded with eight suggestions for implementing research knowledge. Koopman (41) identified trends toward more mature cooperation in curriculum development by all persons concerned. Brauer (13) investigated trends in state legislation affecting the curriculum of the public