“…One species that meets these criteria is hinau (Elaeocarpus dentatus: Elaeocarpaceae), an endemic forest tree with large, shiny dark brown fruits that feature a very thick endocarp and drop to the ground when ripe (Lord, 2002). Hinau currently appears to have very low seed dispersal rates from the canopy F I G U R E 1 Still capture from trail camera footage, showing a weka Gallirallus australis approaching a depot of hinau Elaeocarpus dentatus fruits on Blumine Island (10%-28% of seeds captured beneath parent trees have passed through a bird; Carpenter, Kelly, Clout, Karl, & Ladley, 2017), but it is unclear whether these low rates are due to low local numbers of volant frugivores, or because its seeds are adapted for ground removal by flightless frugivores. The only extant frugivores recorded consuming hinau fruits are volant kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) and kokako (Callaeas wilsoni), and flightless weka and brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) (Clout & Hay, 1989;Kelly et al, 2010), three of which (kokako, brown kiwi, and weka) are severely range restricted.…”