Trends in primary gallbladder cancer incidence and incidence-based mortality in the United States, 1973 to 2015.

Abstract

e16133 Background: Primary gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common biliary tract cancer with poor survival despite aggressive treatment. The purpose of our study was to investigate the trends of GBC incidence and incidence-based mortality (IBM), as well as to identify the factors responsible for any observed changes. Methods: GBC cases diagnosed between 1973 and 2015 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER) database. Incidence and IBM rates age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population were calculated and were stratified according to population and tumor-associated characteristics. Joinpoint Regression Analysis program was used to calculate the annual percent changes (APCs) for trend analysis. Results: Among the 10,792 patients with GBC, there was a predominance of white (81%) and female (71%) patients. The overall incidence rate was 1.086 (95% CI: 1.065 to 1.106) and the overall IBM rate was 0.995 (95% CI: 0.976 to 1.015). GBC incidence decreased by 1.645% (95% CI: 1.448 to 1.842, p < 0.001) per year, but the decreasing trend was only statistically significant from 1973 to 2002, after which the incidence rates stabilized. Conversely, IBM decreased by 1.689% (95% CI: 1.217 to 2.159, p < 0.001) per year from 1980 to 2015; the degree of decline in IBM rates during 1997-2015 (-1.194, 95% CI: -1.680 to -0.705, p < 0.001) was lower compared to that during 1980-1997 (-3.132, 95% CI: -3.682 to -2.578, p < 0.001). Mortality rates of GBC decreased in all age groups and in all races except for African American. There was a significant decrease in IBM in all SEER stages of GBC, except for distant stage GBC. Conclusions: GBC incidence and IBM rates have been decreasing over the last 40 years. However, the decrease in incidence and IBM appeared to have plateaued in the last two decades. The roles of increasing widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and use of newer treatment modalities, such as adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, need to be investigated further.[Table: see text]

Transition-Metal-Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action, and Applications in Cancer Treatment

“…Cancer, a global health issue and the leading cause of death worldwide, imposes a significant burden on individuals, families, and society. − However, due to the perturbance of specific TMEs such as acidity, hypoxia, high levels of ROS, and GSH, traditional therapies like chemotherapy and RT have limited efficacy with brief responses. − Therefore, it is crucial to develop other therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. The transition-metal-based nanozyme is a nanomaterial with enzyme-like properties, composed of metal elements located in the D-zone of the periodic table. − It exhibits a propensity to form a transition state with a low energy barrier by establishing coordination bonds with substrate molecules due to the presence of empty d or f orbitals in transition metals. − Accordingly, transition-metal-based nanozymes efficiently lower the activation energy of the entire reaction and expedite chemical reactions, making them a promising class of catalysts with diverse applications.…”