Trends in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of United States Youth

Bassett, David R.; John, Dinesh; Conger, Scott A.; Fitzhugh, Eugene C.; Coe, Dawn P.

doi:10.1123/jpah.2014-0050

Cited by 164 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…Individuals who engage in obesity-related eating behaviors tend to engage in less physical activity and more sedentary behaviors [24, 25]. This is found particularly in children, who have decreased their physical activity over the last ~50 years [26]. In addition, chronic consumption of a high-fat diet has been shown to decrease the number of orexin-positive neurons in the LH [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet

Bunney

Zink

Holm

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

1,300

637

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Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, including expenditure from spontaneous physical activity (SPA). Changes in SPA and resulting changes in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) likely interact with diet to influence risk for obesity. However, previous research on the relationship between diet, physical activity, and energy expenditure has been mixed. The neuropeptide orexin is a driver of SPA, and orexin neuron activity can be manipulated using DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs). We hypothesized that HFD decreases SPA and NEAT, and that DREADD-mediated activation of orexin neuron signaling would abolish this decrease and produce an increase in NEAT instead. To test these ideas, we characterized behaviors to determine the extent to which access to a high-fat diet (HFD) influences the proportion and probability of engaging in food intake and activity. We then measured NEAT following access to HFD and following a DREADD intervention targeting orexin neurons. Two cohorts of orexin-cre male mice were injected with an excitatory DREADD virus into the caudal hypothalamus, where orexin neurons are concentrated. Mice were then housed in continuous metabolic phenotyping cages (Sable Promethion). Food intake, indirect calorimetry, and SPA were automatically measured every second. For cohort 1 (n=8), animals were given access to chow, then switched to HFD. For cohort 2 (n=4/group), half of the animals were given access to HFD, the other access to chow. Then, among animals on HFD, orexin neurons were activated following injections of clozapine n-oxide (CNO). Mice on HFD spent significantly less time eating (p<0.01) and more time inactive compared to mice on chow (p<0.01). Following a meal, mice on HFD were significantly more likely to engage in periods of inactivity compared to those on chow (p<0.05). NEAT was decreased in animals on HFD, and was increased to the NEAT level of control animals following activation of orexin neurons with DREADDs. Food intake (kilocalories) was not significantly different between mice on chow and HFD, yet mice on chow expended more energy per unit of SPA, relative to that in mice consuming HFD. These results suggest that HFD consumption reduces SPA and NEAT, and increases inactivity following a meal. Together, the data suggest a change in the efficiency of energy expenditure based upon diet, such that SPA during HFD burns fewer calories compared to SPA on a standard chow diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that consumption of a HFD may produce observable, behavioral disruptions prior to the onset of obesity. This is particularly important to consider when thinking about childhood obesity, which has been linked to both increased dietary fat intake and decreased physical activity [26, 27]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet

Bunney

Zink

Holm

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

1,300

637

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“…While the data are not conclusive (15), there is evidence that secular declines in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and increases in sedentary behavior (SB), coincided with the rise in childhood obesity levels (3). It has therefore been hypothesized that increasing MVPA and decreasing SB in childhood could help to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity and Pediatric Obesity

Mitchell

Dowda

Pate

et al. 2017

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose We aimed to determine if moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were independently associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in children and adolescents. Methods Data from the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) were used to address our objectives (N=11,115; 6-18y; 51% female). We calculated age and gender specific body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) Z-scores and used accelerometry to estimate MVPA and total SB. Self-reported television viewing was used as a measure of leisure time SB. Quantile regression was used to analyze the data. Results MVPA and total SB were associated with lower and higher BMI and WC Z-scores, respectively. These associations were strongest at the higher percentiles of the Z-score distributions. After including MVPA and total SB in the same model the MVPA associations remained, but the SB associations were no longer present. For example, each additional hour per day of MVPA was not associated with BMI Z-score at the 10th percentile (b=-0.02, P=0.170), but was associated with lower BMI Z-score at the 50th (b=-0.19, P<0.001) and 90th percentiles (b=-0.41, P<0.001). More television viewing was associated with higher BMI and WC and the associations were strongest at the higher percentiles of the Z-score distributions, with adjustment for MVPA and total SB. Conclusions Our observation of stronger associations at the higher percentiles indicate that increasing MVPA and decreasing television viewing at the population-level could shift the upper tails of the BMI and WC frequency distributions to lower values, thereby lowering the number of children and adolescents classified as obese.

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“…1 Youth who engage in physical activity gain numerous health benefits 2–4 and are more likely to be physically active as adults 4 . National guidelines recommend youth engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity daily, with most of that activity being of moderate-to vigorous-intensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where and when adolescents are physically active: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates and their interactions

Perez

Conway

Arredondo

et al. 2017

Preventive Medicine

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Female adolescents are less active than male peers in certain contexts including the neighborhood. Adolescents’ physical activity can be explained by interactions between environmental and psychosocial factors, but few studies have tested such interactions in relation to context-specific behaviors. This study tested interactions between neighborhood environmental and psychosocial factors in relation to adolescents’ context-specific physical activity. Data were collected in 2009–11 from 910 adolescents and a parent/guardian residing in the Baltimore/Seattle regions. Measures included adolescent-reported neighborhood leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and non-neighborhood LTPA, accelerometer-based non-school moderate-to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA), psychosocial factors, and objective and parent-perceived neighborhood environmental factors. Gender-stratified mixed effects linear models tested associations of 6 environmental and 4 psychosocial factors and their interactions in relation to each physical activity outcome. The psychosocial factors had consistent associations with the physical activity outcomes but the environmental correlates were context-specific. Decisional balance (weighing of pros and cons of physical activity) moderated the association between recreation facility density and neighborhood LTPA among females, with a negative association only among those with high decisional balance (pros outweighed cons). Decisional balance also moderated associations of neighborhood walkability with non-school MVPA among females and non-neighborhood LTPA among males, with positive associations among only those with high decisional balance. Results support context-specific ecological models of physical activity. Targeting environmental factors that may promote opportunities for physical activity in specific contexts as well as adolescent decision-making may help promote their physical activity in those contexts, potentially leading to increased overall physical activity.

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Trends in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of United States Youth

Abstract: Technological and societal changes have impacted the types of physical activities performed by U.S. youth. These data are helpful in understanding the factors associated with the rise in obesity, and in proposing potential solutions.

Cited by 164 publications

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Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet

Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet

Physical Activity and Pediatric Obesity

Where and when adolescents are physically active: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates and their interactions

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