Trends in global dependency on the Indonesian palm oil and resultant environmental impacts

Shigetomi, Yosuke; Ishimura, Yuichi; Yamamoto, Yuki

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77458-4

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The slow-down in expansion (now at pre-2004 levels) also provides an opportunity for the Indonesian government to focus more on details of sustainable oil palm planning and management 42 . Nevertheless, the demand for palm oil is expected to increase in the future 4 , and drivers of expansion may reverse recent trends. In the meantime, we must collectively invest in encouraging the good practice and transparency that serves conservation as well as local and global needs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and conversion to oil palm plantations has been highlighted as a major cause of deforestation and biodiversity loss 3 . In Indonesia, where half of global palm oil production occurs 4 , expansion of oil palm plantations has often replaced forests. Indonesia is a focus of conservation efforts because it has some of the world's richest forests with the most rapid deforestation 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices

Gaveau¹,

Locatelli

Salim³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Much concern about tropical deforestation focuses on oil palm plantations, but their impacts remain poorly quantified. Using satellites, we estimated annual expansion of large-scale (industrial) and smallholder oil palm plantations and their overlap with forest loss from 2001 to 2019 in Indonesia, the world’s largest palm oil producer.Over nineteen years, the area under oil palm doubled, reaching 16.24 million hectares (Mha) in 2019 (64% industrial; 36% smallholder), more than official estimates of 14.72 Mha. This expansion was responsible for nearly one-third (2.85 Mha) of Indonesia’s loss of old-growth forests (9.79 Mha). Industrial plantations were associated with three times as much forest conversion as smallholder plantings (2.13 Mha vs 0.72 Mha). New plantations peaked in 2009 and 2012 and declined thereafter. Deforestation peaked in 2016 and fell below pre-2004 levels in 2017-2019. Expansion of industrial plantations and forest loss were correlated with palm oil prices. A price decline of 1% was associated with a 1.08% decrease in new industrial plantations and with a 0.68% decrease of forest loss. This slow-down provides an opportunity for the Indonesian government to focus on details of sustainable oil palm management. If prices rise, effective regulations will remain key to minimising deforestation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices

Gaveau¹,

Locatelli

Salim³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil producer and responsible for almost 50% of global palm oil production in 2017 after a rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in recent decades [15]. In line with this, an enormous amount of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) also generates by the palm oil industry, approximately 40 million tons/year of EFB, which is about 20-30% of the weight of fresh fruit bunch [16][17].…”

Section: Natural Cellulose Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Conductivity of Conducting Polymer Composites based on Conducting Polymer/Natural Cellulose

Sitorus¹,

Malino²

2021

ELKHA

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– Merging each of the best properties of components into a composite design or hybrid architecture opens up opportunities to develop electroconductive materials as conducting polymer composite. This work deals with studying the electrical conductivity of conducting polymer composites made of cellulose extracted from two biomass: empty fruit bunch from oil palm and peat soil. Two kinds of conducting polymers have been used to fabricate the composites, i.e. polyaniline and polypyrrole, which are polymerized from their monomers, aniline and pyrrole. The novelty of this research is the using of biomass as the source of cellulose to produced conducting polymer composites by adding conducting polymer as filler into polymer matrix. We report experimental studies about the influence of monomer addition on the electrical conductivity of composites produced. The conductivity of the material was measured by using the Electrochemical Impedance System method. The experiments were carried out as a four-set experiment, using two different cellulose sources, EFB and peat soil, combined with aniline and pyrrole. The mass ratio variations of the monomer: cellulose are 1, 2, 3, and 4. The conductivities of the composites increased when more aniline or pyrrole was blended with the extracted cellulose from each source, either EFB or peat soil. The conductivity of composite PANI/EFB, which is 3.5 ´10-3 - 1.1´10-2 S/cm, is in the semiconductor range that makes the composites useful for many applications.

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“…The palm oil is primarily produced in Indonesia and Malaysia, contributes to 83% of total world production in 2015 [65]. The extraction process of this palm oil results in the production of waste in large quantities in the form of POC [66].…”

Section: Palm Oil Clinkers (Poc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of agro-based reinforcements on the properties of aluminum matrix composites: a systematic review

2021

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Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have been extensively studied primarily due to higher strength-to-weight ratio, lower cost, and higher wear resistance properties. However, increasing demand for economical and energy-efficient materials in the automotive, aerospace and other applications is tailoring research area in the agro-based composite materials. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review work is to study the influence of agro-based reinforcements on the tribological and mechanical properties of AMC's processed by various techniques. It was observed that the processing conditions can be designed to obtain uniform structures and better properties AMCs. The agro-waste reinforcement materials, such as rice husk ash, bamboo stem ash, coconut and shell ash can result in a reduction in the density of AMC's without compromising mechanical properties. Moreover, the efficient utilization of the agro-waste leads to a decrease in manufacturing cost and prevents environmental pollution, hence, can be considered as a sustainable material. The state-of-the-art revealed that the agro-based reinforcements do not form brittle composites, as in the case of ceramic reinforced composites. Hence, the study concludes that the agrobased AMCs have great potential to act as a replacement for costly and environmentally hazardous ceramic reinforced-AMCs which can especially be used in various automotive applications that demand higher strength-to-weight ratio, lower cost, and higher wear resistance.

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Trends in global dependency on the Indonesian palm oil and resultant environmental impacts

Cited by 32 publications

References 59 publications

Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices

Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices

Electrical Conductivity of Conducting Polymer Composites based on Conducting Polymer/Natural Cellulose

Influence of agro-based reinforcements on the properties of aluminum matrix composites: a systematic review

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