Trends in fossil fuel extraction

Abstract

At present, most global GHG emissions – over 75% – are from fossil fuels. By necessity, reaching net zero emissions therefore requires dramatic reductions in fossil fuel demand and supply. Though fossil fuels have not been explicitly addressed by the UN Framework on Climate Change, a conversation has emerged about possible “supply-side” agreements on fossil fuels and climate change. For example, a number of countries, including Denmark, France, and New Zealand, have started taking measures to phase out their oil and gas production. In the United States, President Joe Biden has put a pause on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters, while Vice President Kamala Harris has previously proposed a “first-ever global negotiation of the cooperative managed decline of fossil fuel production”. This paper aims to contribute to this emerging discussion. The authors present a simple analysis on where fossil fuel extraction has happened historically, and where it will continue to occur and expand if current economic trends continue without new policy interventions. By employing some simple scenario analysis, the authors also demonstrate how the phase-out of fossil fuel production is likely to be inequitable among countries, if not actively and internationally managed.

Global fossil fuel reduction pathways under different climate mitigation strategies and ambitions

“…Combining policies to limit fossil fuel supply with policies to limit demand reduces the overall cost of achieving emission reduction goals, promotes policy coherence, helps to ensure that renewable deployment will lead to an energy transition as opposed to an addition, and directly challenges public and private vested interests who continue to lock in high fossil fuel dependence [59][60][61][62][63][64] . Furthermore, planning for and implementing a managed and equitable transition with international cooperation can help to ensure a fairer distribution of the shrinking carbon budget 65,66 and to minimize disruption for fossil fuel-dependent communities and workers 67 .…”

Performance and Exhaust Emissions from Diesel Engines with Different Blending Ratios of Biofuels

“…The waste gases include carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO X ) [4]. Currently, more than 75% of emissions come from fossil fuels, so countries need to work together to limit the extraction of fossil fuels [5]. Fossil fuels not only caused severe environmental pollution, but also accelerated the consumption and depletion of fossil fuels with the growth of vehicle numbers [6,7].…”

“…Thus, researchers have attempted to develop new fuels to replace fossil fuels. Although diesel engine vehicles are controversial, they remain crucial in reducing CO emissions [5]. Hence, the pursuit of an alternative fuel compatible with diesel engines has become imperative.…”