Trends in Earnings Differentials by Gender, 1971-1981

Blau, Francine D.; Beller, Andrea H.

doi:10.2307/2523587

Cited by 101 publications

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“…While the gender earnings gap decreased among Whites and Blacks in the 1970s, the gender and race wage differentials persisted even after adjusting for human capital and labor market characteristics (Blau and Beller, 1988). That is, gender specific factors such as qualifications and discrimination still play a significant role in determining the gender pay gap.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The gender gap reloaded: Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance?

Konstantopoulos¹,

Constant²

2008

Social Science Research

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractThis study examines the wage gender gap of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000 in the US. Using quantile regression we estimate the gender gap across the entire wage distribution. We also study the importance of high school characteristics in predicting future labor market performance. We conduct analyses for three major racial/ethnic groups in the US: Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, employing data from two rich longitudinal studies: NLS and NELS. Our results indicate that while some school characteristics are positive and significant predictors of future wages for Whites, they are less so for the two minority groups. We find significant wage gender disparities favoring men across all three surveys in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000. The wage gender gap is more pronounced in higher paid jobs (90 th quantile) for all groups, indicating the presence of a persistent and alarming "glass ceiling."JEL Codes: J16, J24, J31Keywords: wages, gender differences, school effects, quantile regression. 2The existence of gender differences in labor market outcomes, such as wages, has gained ample attention in economics and the social sciences. Gender differences in wages have been researched and documented, and frequently debated in the literature. It is an established fact that males earn substantially higher wages than females. There is some empirical evidence, however, that while the gender gap is decreasing over time due to women's increased labor force participation and experience, it remains strong across the entire wage distribution.The quality of the empirical evidence on gender differences in wages has not always been very strong for two main reasons. First, typically, the samples of various studies on gender differences in wages are not representative of a well-defined population. Many studies have used convenient samples, and it is plausible that the results obtained from such selected samples are biased (positively or negatively), and hence very different from their "true" population parameters. Second, various previous studies on gender differences in wages have typically examined and reported group differences in means (the central tendency of the distribution of wages). Gender differences in the extremes (e.g., upper and lower tails) of the wage distribution are only recently documented in the literature. Since it is likely that gender differences in the tails of the wage distribution may be different quali...

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Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The gender gap reloaded: Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance?

Konstantopoulos¹,

Constant²

2008

Social Science Research

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“…For example, Oaxaca (1973) used the 1967 Census of Economic Opportunity for his study of the gender pay gap, but had to approximate years of work experience since the survey did not include that explicit information. Blau and Beller (1988) used CPS data for 1971and 1981 to examine trends in the gender pay gap but also reported that these data sets did not include work experience. Some more recent studies have used other databases to try to explain national pay differences.…”

Section: Background On Human Capital and Its Use To Explain Salary DImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some, such as Blau and Beller (1988), Ferber et al (1986) and Oaxaca (1973), added the squared value of work experience to their regressions to allow for a positive but nonlinear relationship between wages and work experience. If the coefficient of the squared work experience variable was negative, it indicated that work experience became a relatively less important determinant of salary over time.…”

Section: Research Combining Human Capital With Other Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Capital Models and the Gender Pay Gap

Olson

2012

Sex Roles

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This paper provides a commentary on the article by Lips (2012), "The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalizations, Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models." It provides some economic background for human capital models that try to explain gender pay gaps, and discusses the limitations of the models. It assesses some of Lips' criticisms of the model. In contrast to Lips, the author believes that human capital theorists are generally aware of the limitations of their models, and she believes that human capital models make a valuable contribution to the literature on the gender pay gap. The author also uses her own research to illustrate how human capital variables can be combined with variables from psychology and other fields to try to understand the salary differences between men and women in specific professions. The Appendix provides a list of some 2011 and 2012 studies that examine gender differences in pay in various countries and the types of data used.

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“…Building on the pioneering studies of Oaxaca (1973) and Greenhalgh (1980) , most recent work has dealt with changes in the size of the diVerential over time (Blau and Beller, 1988;Foot and Stager, 1990;Katz and Murphy, 1992;O'Neill and Polachek, 1993;Spurr and Sueyoshi, 1994;Kahn, 1995, 1997;Loury, 1997). However, the goal of this study is to examine the contribution of diVerent factors to the size of this diVerential at a point in time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender and wages: a cohort study of primary school teachers

Gilbert¹,

King²,

Cregan³

2002

Applied Economics

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This study uses cohort data to analyse the observed (or gross) salary differential between male and female primary school teachers. The teachers in this sample, who are all employed in state-sector schools in the same geographic locality, are observed 20 years after first entering the teaching profession. The main finding is that two-fifths of the differential cannot be explained by gender differences in the levels of experience, qualification and mobility within our sample and so is attributed to labour market discrimination and other unobservable gender influences.

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Trends in Earnings Differentials by Gender, 1971-1981

Cited by 101 publications

References 0 publications

The gender gap reloaded: Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance?

The gender gap reloaded: Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance?

Human Capital Models and the Gender Pay Gap

Gender and wages: a cohort study of primary school teachers

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