Trends in Double Networks as Bioprintable and Injectable Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

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Viscoelastic Chondroitin Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid Double-Network Hydrogels with Reversible Cross-Links

“…18 Both of these polymers have been employed to fabricate hydrogels, 19 − 24 but HA has seen far more use when compared to CS, and to the best of our knowledge, CS has not been employed in hydrogel formulations based on dynamic covalent bonds and designed for bioprinting applications. 25 Besides, both CS and HA are found in cartilage tissue, with CS displaying higher water retention capacity than HA, 26 thus potentially leading to hydrogel scaffolds with significant swelling capacity. Such feature is, for instance, important in mimicking the load-bearing behavior of cartilage tissue, making CS a suitable polymer in biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering applications.…”

Biomimetic double network hydrogels: Combining dynamic and static crosslinks to enable biofabrication and control cell‐matrix interactions

“…11 While the majority of hydrogels used to study cellmatrix interactions and fabricate 3D tissue constructs consist of single network hydrogels, double network (DN) hydrogels are appealing candidates for recapitulating properties of the native ECM. 12,13 These DN hydrogels exhibit increased complexity, improved strength, and versatile chemical modification opportunities. 2,13 The native ECM is itself an interpenetrating network, 14,15 where different components have different functions, from the strong and static collagen I, to the dynamic rearrangement of collagen IV and laminin, to the use of glycosaminoglycans to sequester and deliver growth factors.…”

“…12,13 These DN hydrogels exhibit increased complexity, improved strength, and versatile chemical modification opportunities. 2,13 The native ECM is itself an interpenetrating network, 14,15 where different components have different functions, from the strong and static collagen I, to the dynamic rearrangement of collagen IV and laminin, to the use of glycosaminoglycans to sequester and deliver growth factors. Multicomponent and multi-network systems combined with 3D scaffold formation offer a path forward to reintroduce ECM complexity in a step-wise and rational manner.…”

“…16 DN hydrogels combine brittle and flexible networks, typically showing superior strength compared with the corresponding individual networks. 12,13 While the brittle network helps dissipate energy via fracture of cross-links, the flexible network imparts extensibility and enables the hydrogel to recover after deformation. 17 The combination of dynamic reversible and static irreversible cross-linking make DN hydrogels appealing candidates for extrusion bioprinting applications.…”

“…18 These DN hydrogels have shown exceptional mechanics and printability, making impressive progress towards 3D biomimetic systems capable of addressing the complexity of ECM. [11][12][13]19 Rational design of DN gels provides opportunities to study and control cell-matrix interactions. The vast majority of studies on synthetic and polymeric hydrogels have identified a clear link between the cell behavior and stiffness or stress-relaxation, but rely on single networks.…”