Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review

Feeney, William P.; Pyl, Courtney Vander; Bell, S. A.; Trejos, Tatiana

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2020.100250

Cited by 44 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…For instance, mass spectrometric methods typically report OGSR compounds in the low nanogram to microgram range or low part‐per‐billion to part‐per‐million range depending on instrumentation (21). IGSR detection limits for methods such as SEM‐EDS are typically low micrograms, while mass spectrometry methods range from low nanogram/part‐per‐billion to microgram/low part‐per‐million, and in the sub‐to‐low nanogram level for laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (21). Of these, only SEM‐EDS and TOF‐SIMS are capable of single particle analysis and morphology, which is a desirable feature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the limits of detection achieved by this electrochemical method are comparable to other methods used for detection of IGSR and OGSR. For instance, mass spectrometric methods typically report OGSR compounds in the low nanogram to microgram range or low part-per-billion to part-per-million range depending on instrumentation (21). IGSR detection limits for methods such as SEM-EDS are typically low micrograms, while mass spectrometry methods range from low nanogram/part-per-billion to microgram/low part-per-million, and in the sub-to-low nanogram level for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (21).…”

Section: Analytical Measures Of the Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†

Ott

Dalzell

Calderón-Arce

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The increasing demand for rapid methods to identify both inorganic and organic gunshot residues (IGSR and OGSR) makes electrochemical methods, an attractive screening tool to modernize current practice. Our research group has previously demonstrated that electrochemical screening of GSR samples delivers a simple, inexpensive, and sensitive analytical solution that is capable of detecting IGSR and OGSR in less than 10 min per sample. In this study, we expand our previous work by increasing the number of GSR markers and applying machine learning classifiers to the interpretation of a larger population data set. Utilizing bare screen-printed carbon electrodes, the detection and resolution of seven markers (IGSR; lead, antimony, and copper, and OGSR; nitroglycerin, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite) was achieved with limits of detection (LODs) below 1 µg/mL. A large population data set was obtained from 395 authentic shooter samples and 350 background samples. Various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, including critical thresholds (CT), naïve Bayes (NB), logistic regression (LR), and neural networks (NN), were utilized to calculate the performance and error rates. Neural networks proved to be the best predictor when assessing the dichotomous question of detection of GSR on the hands of shooter versus nonshooter groups. Accuracies for the studied population were 81.8 % (CT), 88.1% (NB), 94.7% (LR), and 95.4% (NN), respectively. The ability to detect both IGSR and OGSR simultaneously provides a selective testing platform for gunshot residues that can provide a powerful field-testing technique and assist with decisions in case management.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Measures Of the Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†

Ott

Dalzell

Calderón-Arce

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…It is important to note that only nonanal has been reported in other firearm related research and was identified as a compound associated with stabilizers (Feeney et al, 2020). However, nonanal, decanal, and tetradecane have been previously reported as human scent compounds (Prada et al, 2010) which can highlight that their presence might be due to contamination from user handling and not necessarily from the firearm sample itself.…”

Section: Overallmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Organic GSR particles originate from propellants created from additives, stabilizers, plasticizers, or flash inhibitors . There are many aromatics and nitrogen containing compounds found in the residue (Andrasko and Ståhling, 2000;Andrasko and Ståhling 2003;Joshi et al, 2009;Weyermann et al, 2009;Reid et al, 2010;Gallidabino et al, 2014;Gallidabino et al, 2015;Tarifa and Almirall 2015;Gallidabino et al, 2017;Feeney et al, 2020). These studies have analyzed volatile constituents using adsorbent mediums for the collection of samples from the targeted surface or testing the headspace above smokeless powder samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Profiling Methods for Contraband Firearm Volatile Odor Signatures

2022

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The early detection and location of firearm threats is critical to the success of any law enforcement operation to prevent a mass shooting event or illegal transport of weapons. Prevention tactics such as firearm detection canines have been at the front line of security tools to combat this national security threat. Firearm detection canines go through rigorous training regimens to achieve reliability in the detection of firearms as their target odor source. Currently, there is no scientific foundation as to the chemical odor signature emitted from the actual firearm device that could aid in increased and more efficient canine training and performance protocols or a better understanding of the chemistry of firearm-related odorants for better source identification. This study provides a novel method application of solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) as a rapid system for the evaluation of odor profiles from firearm devices (loaded and unloaded). Samples included magazines (n = 30) and firearms (n = 15) acquired from the local law enforcement shooting range. Headspace analysis depicted five frequently occurring compounds across sample matrices including aldehydes such as nonanal, decanal, octanal and hydrocarbons tetradecane and tridecane. Statistical analysis via principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted a preliminary clustering differentiating unloaded firearms from both loaded/unloaded magazines and loaded firearm devices. These results highlight potential odor signature differences associated with different firearm components. The understanding of key odorants above a firearm will have an impact on national security efforts, thereby enhancing training regimens to better prepare canine teams for current threats in our communities.

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“…explosive [33][34][35] and gunshot residues (GSR) [36][37][38][39][40][41], and soil [42][43][44][45][46], as well as other less commonly encountered traces including glitter [47], fragrances [48][49][50], lipsticks [51], petrol [52], and polyurethane foam [53]. While valuable, such research tends to be very material-dependent, introducing specific parameters and interpretations that may have actually impeded the recognition of underlying foundational factors that could apply to most material types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fresh scientific look at transfer and persistence: From a materials science and tribology perspective

Aberle

Kobus

Robertson

et al. 2021

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Knowledge of the mechanisms governing transfer, persistence, and recovery of trace evidence, together with background prevalence in the population of interest, and other task relevant information, is key for the forensic interpretation and reconstruction of what happened at the activity level. Up to now, this informational “toolkit” has largely been developed through empirical forensic studies on specific trace materials such as glass, textile fibers, and soil. Combined with the identified systemic siloing between disciplines, while valuable, such research tends to be very material‐dependent, introducing specific parameters and interpretations that may have actually impeded the recognition of underlying foundational factors applicable to most material types. In Australia, there has been a renewed interest in developing a discipline‐independent framework for the interpretation and/or reconstruction of trace evidence to interpret specific circumstances in casework. In this paper, we present a discipline agnostic “way of thinking” that has been anchored in foundational science underpinning the trace evidence discipline. Physical and mechanical material properties such as material geometry and surface topography, strength, stiffness, and hardness collectively influence contact interactions through underlying friction, wear, and lubrication cause and effect mechanisms. We discuss how these fundamental factors and parameters stemming from materials science and tribology may be adopted and adapted by forensic practitioners and researchers to contribute to a better understanding of transfer, persistence, and recovery mechanisms irrespective of evidence discipline and material type. Examples are provided to demonstrate the practical significance to real‐life casework and academic research.

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Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review

Cited by 44 publications

References 117 publications

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†

Development of Profiling Methods for Contraband Firearm Volatile Odor Signatures

A fresh scientific look at transfer and persistence: From a materials science and tribology perspective

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Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review

Cited by 44 publications

References 117 publications

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*,†

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*,†

Development of Profiling Methods for Contraband Firearm Volatile Odor Signatures

A fresh scientific look at transfer and persistence: From a materials science and tribology perspective

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†

Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*^,^†