Trends in and correlates of tranquilizer misuse among adults who misuse opioids in the United States, 2002–2014

Boggis, Jesse; Feder, Kenneth A.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.014

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…21,23 Limited evidence from the NSDUH suggests that links between opioid PDM and other substance use vary by age group, 101 with evidence both that past-year benzodiazepine PDM is less likely with aging among those engaged in opioid PDM but that frequency of past-year benzodiazepine PDM is somewhat higher in those 26 and older (versus young adults). 102 Findings in individual age groups are consistent with the population-wide findings that link psychopathology and suicidality to opioid PDM. 3,[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] In particular, the links between major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and/or suicidality and opioid PDM are robust and well-established in adolescents, 16,41,81,112 young adults 16,[113][114][115] and older adults (50 years and older), 16,94,97,116,117 with a variety of different data sources used.…”

Section: Correlates and Consequences Of Prescription Opioid Misusesupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Prescription Opioid Misuse Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

et al. 2020

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Prescription drug misuse (PDM), or medication use without a prescription or in ways not intended by the prescriber, is a notable public health concern, especially in the United States. Accumulating research has characterized PDM prevalence and processes, but age-based or lifespan changes in PDM are understudied. Given age-based differences in the medical or developmental concerns that often underlie PDM, it is likely that PDM varies by age. This review summarizes the literature on PDM across the lifespan, examining lifespan changes in prevalence, sources, motives and correlates for opioid, stimulant, and tranquilizer/sedative (or benzodiazepine) PDM. In all, prevalence rates, sources and motives vary considerably by age group, with fewer age-based differences in correlates or risk factors. PDM prevalence rates tend to decline with aging, with greater use of physician sources and greater endorsement of self-treatment motives in older groups. Recreational motives (such as to get high) tend to peak in young adulthood, with greater use of peer sources or purchases to obtain medication for PDM in younger groups. PDM co-occurs with other substance use and psychopathology, including suicidality, across age groups. The evidence for lifespan variation in PDM is strongest for opioid PDM, with a need for more research on tranquilizer/sedative and stimulant PDM. The current literature is limited by the few studies of lifespan changes in PDM within a single sample, a lack of longitudinal research, little research addressing PDM in the context of polysubstance use, and little research on minority groups, such as sexual and gender minorities.

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Section: Correlates and Consequences Of Prescription Opioid Misusesupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Prescription Opioid Misuse Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

et al. 2020

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“…In fact, benzodiazepine misuse increases with the overall level of polysubstance use (McHugh et al, 2018;Schuman-Olivier et al, 2013;Votaw et al, 2019). Benzodiazepine misuse is strongly associated with risk for other prescription drug misuse and use disorders, particularly prescription opioid misuse and OUD (Blanco et al, 2018;Boggis et al, 2019;Han et al, 2017;Han et al, 2015;Huang et al, 2006;Jones and McCance-Katz, 2019;Jones, 2017;Maust et al, 2018). This co-occurrence is so common that a factor analysis indicated that prescription drug use disorders reflect a single latent factor (Blanco et al, 2013).…”

Section: Substancementioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review

Votaw

Geyer

Rieselbach

et al. 2019

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

260

214

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Background: Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. Methods: PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peerreviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. Results: The search identified 1,970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly used illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment.

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“…14 Recreational misuse of sedatives or tranquilizers is higher among nHB and H compared to nHW, which coincides with an increased prevalence of non-medical tranquilizer misuse among racial-ethnic minority groups. 15 Contrasting evidence suggests that nHW are more likely to be prescribed benzodiazepines and are more likely to develop dependence on benzodiazepines compared to other racial-ethnic groups. 5 Further research is needed to understand the underlying reasons motivating misuse of sedative tranquilizers among racial-ethnic minority groups and whether this might explain racial-ethnic differences in dependence diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial-ethnic Differences in Reasons for Misuse of Prescription Medications Among US Adults

Cury

Sharma

Falise

et al. 2021

Journal of Addiction Medicine

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ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate racial-ethnic differences in reasons for misuse of prescription medications among a nationally representative sample of US adults.MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2015–2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. The study population includes US adults (18–49 years old) who reported misuse of 3 types of prescription drugs (stimulants [n = 6139], sedatives and tranquilizers [n = 5643], and pain relievers [n = 8780]) for 3 reasons: medical-only (eg, to help with pain), recreational-only (eg, to get high), or combined medical and recreational reasons. Multinomial logistic regressions assessed the association between reasons of misuse of prescription medications and self-identified race-ethnicity.ResultsMisuse of the 4 types of prescription medications was primarily motivated by medical reasons (63%–80%). Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks (nHB), and Hispanics (H) were less likely to report misuse of pain relievers for combined (nHB: adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4, 0.7; H; aRRR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9) or recreational reasons (nHB: aRRR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.0; H; aRRR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6, 0.9) rather than medical-only reasons. The odds of misuse of sedatives and tranquilizers for recreational-only reasons as opposed to medical-only reasons were higher among nHB (aRRR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.7) and H (aRRR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.4) than among non-Hispanic Whites.ConclusionsThe increased misuse of prescription pain relievers for medical reasons among racial-ethnic minority groups demonstrates a continued need to investigate underlying structural factors driving these behaviors. The higher odds of sedative and tranquilizer misuse for recreational purposes among racial-ethnic minority groups warrant further investigation.

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Trends in and correlates of tranquilizer misuse among adults who misuse opioids in the United States, 2002–2014

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review

Racial-ethnic Differences in Reasons for Misuse of Prescription Medications Among US Adults

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