Trends and rates of microevolution in plants

Bone, Elizabeth; Farres, Agnes

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0585-2_11

Cited by 92 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…16,18,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] The surprisingly fast pace of evolutionary change in these Polygonum populations (measured in haldanes, units of phenotypic change in standard deviations per generation) is similar to that found in other herbaceous plants exposed to strong new selection pressures (e.g., evolution of tolerance to road salt and heavy metals (Ref. 57 and references therein)), and falls within the published range for studies of mollusks, fish, and reptiles in novel conditions (reviewed in Refs. 58 and 59).…”

Section: Background: P Cespitosum and Its Recent Ecological Expansionmentioning

confidence: 82%

An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness inPolygonum cespitosum

Sultan

Matesanz

2015

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The introduced Asian plant Polygonum cespitosum has only recently become invasive in northeastern North America, spreading into sunny as well as shaded habitats. We present findings from a multiyear case study of this ongoing species invasion, drawing on field environmental measurements, glasshouse plasticity and resurrection experiments, and molecular genetic (microsatellite) data. We focus in particular on patterns of individual phenotypic plasticity (norms of reaction), their diversity within and among populations in the species' introduced range, and their contribution to its potential to evolve even greater invasiveness. Genotypes from introduced-range P. cespitosum populations have recently evolved to express greater adaptive plasticity to full sun and/or dry conditions without any loss of fitness in shade. Evidently, this species may evolve the sort of "general-purpose genotypes" hypothesized by Herbert Baker to characterize an "ideal weed." Indeed, we identified certain genotypes capable of extremely high reproductive output across contrasting conditions, including sunny, shaded, moist, and dry. Populations containing these high-performance genotypes had consistently higher fitness in all glasshouse habitats; there was no evidence for local adaptive differentiation among populations from sunny, shaded, moist, or dry sites. Norm of reaction data may provide valuable insights to invasion biology: the presence of broadly adaptive, high-performance genotypes can promote a species' ecological spread while providing the fuel for increased invasiveness to evolve.

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Section: Background: P Cespitosum and Its Recent Ecological Expansionmentioning

confidence: 82%

An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness inPolygonum cespitosum

Sultan

Matesanz

2015

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…E-mail: eckertc@biology.queensu.ca. that rapid evolutionary change contributes to invasion success (Bone and Farres 2001;Ashley et al 2003;Stockwell et al 2003). Several studies involving a range of organisms have tested for changes in population genetic structure associated with invasion (e.g., Warwick et al 1987;Demelo and Hebert 1994;Amsellem et al 2000;Hollingsworth and Bailey 2000;Tsutsui and Case 2001;Stepien et al 2002;Maron et al 2004), and a rapidly growing number of studies have compared morphometric and life history traits in native versus introduced populations to investigate the operation of selection during range expansion (e.g., Gilchrist et al 2001;Leger and Rice 2003;van Kleunen and Schmid 2003;Blair and Wolfe 2004;Maron et al 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Fournder Effect and Selection During Biological Invasion in an Aquatic Plant

Kliber

Eckert

2005

Evolution

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Abstract. Long-distance colonization and rapid range expansion associated with biological invasion may have major evolutionary consequences via both stochastic processes and selection. Using large-scale population genetic surveys, we demonstrate a major shift in the relative frequency of sexually fertile diploid versus sexually sterile triploid populations associated with the invasion of North America by a clonal aquatic plant, Butomus umbellatus. Most populations across the native European range were triploid (84% of 108), whereas most introduced populations were diploid (71% of 136). We evaluated the roles of stochastic processes versus natural selection in causing this shift by surveying predominantly neutral genetic variation at 28 RAPD loci. In Europe (EU) we detected 47 distinct genotypes among 142 plants sampled from 71 populations, whereas in North America (NA) we detected only six genotypes among 138 plants from 69 populations. Of the six NA genotypes, a set of four closely related genotypes were found only in triploid populations and a pair of closely related genotypes were found only in diploid populations, and these were genetically divergent from the triploid genotypes. This result is consistent with severe founder effect. Because sex creates genotypic variation and produces offspring with greater dispersal potential than those produced clonally, we tested the hypothesis that sexual reproduction characteristic of diploids has given them a colonization advantage that accounts for their high frequency in NA. However, we found little or no evidence of sexual recruitment in introduced diploids. One very widespread heterozygous genotype occurred in 95% of 38 introduced diploid populations (i.e., 72 of 76 plants surveyed) suggesting predominant clonal reproduction. Moreover genotypic diversity was not higher within or among diploid than triploid populations in either the native or introduced range. Low genetic diversity in diploid populations was also supported by a comparison of within-population quantitative variation for plant size under a common greenhouse environment. Thus, diploids have not been favored during colonization owing to their sexual fertility. However, concurrent studies have shown that NA diploids exhibit a much higher capacity for clonal reproduction, via small vegetative bulbils, than NA triploids, which almost never produce bulbils. The same difference in clonal capacity is not a consistent feature of the native EU populations. Taken together, these results suggest that strong founder effect has set the stage for a major increase in diploid frequency due to the particular, and possibly idiosyncratic, features of the diploid and triploid lineages introduced to North America.

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“…Sites contaminated by heavy metals (metalliferous sites), which are particularly detrimental to plant growth, are places where microevolutionary processes accelerate. Very often only a few generations are enough for a new genotype to arise (Bone and Farres, 2001;Hendry and Kinnison, 2001;Stockwell et al, 2003;Carroll et al, 2007;Medina et al, 2007). Plant species colonizing metalliferous and thus unstable and unpredictable sites have evolved an r-life strategy with the crucial ability to reproduce quickly, owing to fast flowering, seed ripening, and much greater flower and seed yields (Wierzbicka and Rostański, 2002;Grześ, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Heavy-Metal-Polluted Environment on Viola tricolor Genome Size and Chromosome Number

Słomka¹,

Siwinska²,

Wolny³

et al. 2011

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica

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Intraspecific changes in genome size and chromosome number lead to divergence and species evolution. Heavy metals disturb the cell cycle and cause mutations. Areas contaminated by heavy metals (metalliferous sites) are places where microevolutionary processes accelerate; very often only a few generations are enough for a new genotype to arise. This study, which continues our long-term research on Viola tricolor (Violaceae), a species occurring on both metalliferous (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu) and non-metalliferous soils in Western and Central Europe, is aimed at determining the influence of environments polluted with heavy metals on genome size and karyological variability. The genome size of V. tricolor ranged from 3.801 to 4.203 pg, but the differences between metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations were not statistically significant. Altered chromosome numbers were significantly more frequent in material from the polluted sites than from the non-polluted sites (43% versus 28%). Besides the standard chromosome number (2n = 26), aneuploid cells with lower (2n = 18-25) or higher (2n = 27, 28) chromosome numbers were found in plants from both types of site, but polyploid (2n = 42) cells were observed only in plants from the metalliferous locality. The lack of correlation between chromosome variability in root meristematic cells and genome size estimated from peduncle cells can be attributed to elimination of somatic mutations in generative meristem, producing chromosome-stable non-meristematic tissues in the peduncle.

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Trends and rates of microevolution in plants

Cited by 92 publications

References 77 publications

An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness inPolygonum cespitosum

An ideal weed: plasticity and invasiveness inPolygonum cespitosum

Interaction Between Fournder Effect and Selection During Biological Invasion in an Aquatic Plant

Influence of a Heavy-Metal-Polluted Environment on Viola tricolor Genome Size and Chromosome Number

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