Trends and Disparities in Diet Quality Among US Adults by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Status

Zhang, Fang Fang; Liu, Junxiu; Rehm, Jürgen; Wilde, Parke; Mande, Jerold R.; Mozaffarian, Dariush

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0237

Cited by 123 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…When separating these results based on income economy type, there is a possible trend between lower SES and increased snacking in high-income economies. This aligns with a large body of literature from high-income economies-in which, low SES has been linked with poorer nutritional patterns when compared to groups with high SES [47][48][49]. It is important to note that these two studies identifying high levels of snacking in groups with low SES did not compare groups with low SES to groups with high SES; these studies merely found high levels of snacking in their low SES sample without a control or comparison [40,42].…”

Section: Primary Aims: Relationship Between Ses and Snackingsupporting

confidence: 77%

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review

et al. 2020

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Eating behaviors, including unhealthy snacking or excessive snacking leading to excess calorie consumption, may contribute to obesity among adolescents. Socioeconomic status (SES) also significantly influences eating behaviors, and low SES is associated with increased risk for obesity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between snacking behavior and SES among adolescents and how this may contribute to obesity-related outcomes. The primary objective of this scoping review was to review the literature to assess and characterize the relationship between SES and snacking in adolescents. The secondary objective was to assess weight-related outcomes and their relation to snacking habits. Included articles were published between January 2000 and May 2019; written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; and focused on adolescents (13-17 years). In total, 14 bibliographic databases were searched, and seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Preliminary evidence from the seven included studies suggests a weak but potential link between SES and snacking. Additionally, these dietary patterns seemed to differ by sex and income type of country. Finally, only three of the included studies addressed weight-related outcomes, but the overall available evidence suggests that snacking does not significantly affect weight-related outcomes. Due to the small number of included studies, results should be interpreted with caution.Nutrients 2020, 12, 167 2 of 18 childhood and adolescence, a shift in diet composition is observed to include higher rates of snack and soft drink consumption and lower intakes of fruits and vegetables [9]. Alongside increases in the prevalence of obesity [1,10], data from 1977 to 2014 show that snacking in adolescents has increased over the last four decades. It has also been shown that calories from salty snacks, desserts, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages continue to be a leading source of calories [11]. While fruit and vegetable intake has decreased, calories provided by these less healthy snacks has increased [12]. Thus, adverse eating behaviors resulting in excess calorie consumption, such as less healthy or frequent snacking, can potentially contribute to the rise of obesity during adolescence.SES is a strong determinant of an individual's weight, risk for obesity, and eating behaviors [13]. Individuals with lower SES are more likely to live in disordered and vulnerable neighborhood settings, which are associated with unhealthy food access and consumption [14]. Although rates of obesity have increased across all socioeconomic levels, adolescents who are from families with lower incomes are more likely than those from families with higher incomes to develop obesity [15]. SES, as defined by household income and/or parental education level for adolescents, has the potential to influence food choices [16]. Specifically, SES has been shown to have a strong influence on the consumption of certain food groups over others on a global scale [17][18][19][20], with those with lower SES positions te...

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Section: Primary Aims: Relationship Between Ses and Snackingsupporting

confidence: 77%

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review

et al. 2020

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“…It has been documented that SNAP participation ensures an adequate quantity of food but may or may not ensure the quality of food purchased and consumed. 43 Participants have shown increased consumption of sources of added sugars and solid fats. 44,47,55 Nevertheless, the results should be interpreted with caution since these cross-sectional studies 84,85 consider data at one point in time, 60,61,84 but weight gain results from long-term imbalances of energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diet quality refers to both the quality and variety of the diet as measured by assessing the extent of alignment of food patterns with dietary guidelines. 41 The results from studies investigating diet quality in SNAP recipients have been inconsistent, with some investigations observing none to negative [42][43][44] impact on diet quality. For example, Lacko et al, documented comparable consumption of calories from fast-foods, and lower consumption of whole fruits and whole grain in both participants and nonparticipants.…”

Section: Food Choices As Illustrated By Nutrient Intake and Diet Qualmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…45 Yet, Zhang et al, analyzed NHANES data of 38,696 adults from 1999 to 2014 and found lower diet quality scores of SNAP participants as compared to the nonparticipants over the years. 43 Furthermore, results from a secondary analysis of NHANES data from 1999-2012 46 and 2007-2010 44 showed that SNAP participants had lower diet quality as compared to income-eligible nonparticipants. Taille et al, documented that SNAP households consumed greater energy from SSBs, desserts, processed meats as compared to their counterparts.…”

Section: Food Choices As Illustrated By Nutrient Intake and Diet Qualmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<p>Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): does receiving assistance impact food choices?</p>

Sachdev¹,

Babaei²,

Freeland‐Graves³

2019

NDS

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The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest federal program that provides assistance for the purchase of foods to low-income households in the United States. SNAP plays a valuable role in alleviating hunger and food insecurity in poor households; however, one consideration that remains relatively unexplored is the influence of this program on food choices. Food choices are guided by several factors in low-income individuals, including the cost of food, household size, nutrition knowledge, availability of fresh foods in the neighborhood, transportation, and cultural factors. Also, the complex relationship between SNAP participation and food choices is further confounded by the factors of demographics, food insecurity, poverty, and self-selection. There is a lack of quantitative investigations that directly evaluate food choices in SNAP recipients. As a result, this review will focus on summarizing finding from studies that assessed food purchasing patterns, diet quality, and weight gain in SNAP participants. These outcomes may serve as proxy measures to evaluate the food choices made by SNAP participants. In addition, this review discusses many behavioral economic strategies such as reducing the cost of healthy foods, providing monetary benefits for purchase of healthy foods, increasing the SNAP benefits, incentivizing small food retailers to offer more food choices in lowincome neighborhoods, increasing grocery stores and supermarkets in poor neighborhood, and strengthening the SNAP-Ed program; some of which have been previously adopted to promote the selection of healthy foods in SNAP participants. SNAP has the potential to impact food choices in the society, as such longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of any reforms in SNAP benefits or restrictions, which may seem logical but not impact food choices in reality.

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“…To characterize participation in federal food assistance programs, we used the same income and age cut-offs as previous studies [13,19]. SNAP participation status was classified based on self-reports of receiving household SNAP benefits in the past year.…”

Section: Population Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in types of protein in US adolescents and children: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010

et al. 2020

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Background It is unclear if the intakes of different types of protein have changed over time. Objective We delineated trends in types of protein (beef, pork, lamb or goat, chicken, turkey, fish, dairy, eggs, legumes, and nuts and seeds) in US children (2-<12 years) and adolescents (12-19 years) from 1999 to 2010. Methods We used 6 repeated cross-sectional surveys (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010, n�1,665 for children; n�1,156 for adolescents) to test for linear trends in the intake of types of protein (grams per kilogram of body weight) among children and adolescents, and according to sociodemographic groups and participation in food assistance programs. Results Among children, pork intake (0.76 to 0.51 g/kg) decreased, but chicken (0.98 to 1.28 g/kg), all poultry (1.18 to 1.55 g/kg), egg (0.63 to 0.69 g/kg), and legume (0.35 to 0.54 g/kg) intake increased (all P<0.05). Among adolescents, beef intake decreased (0.92 to 0.67 g/kg) whereas chicken (0.59 to 0.74 g/kg) and all poultry (0.72 to 0.86 g/kg) intake increased from 1999 to 2010 (all P<0.01). Participants of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) increased the intake of chicken and dairy (all P<0.05) over time whereas no significant trend was observed for income-eligible non-participants. Fish intake did not change in any age group,

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Trends and Disparities in Diet Quality Among US Adults by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Status

Cited by 123 publications

References 35 publications

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review

<p>Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): does receiving assistance impact food choices?</p>

Trends in types of protein in US adolescents and children: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010

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