Trend of urban growth in Nepal with a focus in Kathmandu Valley: A review of processes and drivers of change

Timsina, Netra Prasad; Shrestha, Anushiya; Poudel, Dilli Prasad; Upadhyaya, Rachana

doi:10.7488/era/722

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…A recent study has shown that the number of urban centers in Nepal has increased from 58 to 253 in just 5 years' time, of which most are unplanned and unmanaged [22] . Unplanned urbanization has led to congested and crowded roads, road junctions becoming garbage dumping sites, encroached rivulets, and mismanaged drainage systems.…”

Section: Unplanned Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent outbreaks of dengue in Nepal – causes and solutions: a narrative review

Pokharel,

Khanal,

Ghimire

et al. 2023

International Journal of Surgery: Global Health

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Dengue is a viral illness caused by dengue virus, a flavivirus transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. In the year 2022, Nepal witnessed the largest ever dengue outbreak in the country. Dengue cases were reported from all seven provinces, affecting all 77 districts of the country. As of 31st December 2022, altogether 54 784 dengue cases have been identified, with Bagmati province reporting the highest. The country’s capital, Kathmandu, reported the highest burden of dengue cases (26%). The high degree of pre-monsoon rainfall because of climate change and mismanaged waste disposal system were the main cause of the 2022 dengue outbreak in Nepal. Furthermore, unplanned urbanization, Aedes vector expansion, open border policy with India, inefficient dengue surveillance system, and insufficient preventive efforts by the government are the causes of frequent dengue outbreaks. Awareness among the general public regarding vector control measures, improved surveillance of acute febrile illness, utilization of vector risk mapping techniques, and establishment of temperature-based early warning systems are utmost to halt future dengue outbreaks in Nepal.

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Section: Unplanned Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent outbreaks of dengue in Nepal – causes and solutions: a narrative review

Pokharel,

Khanal,

Ghimire

et al. 2023

International Journal of Surgery: Global Health

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“…The urban population growth rate in Nepal almost doubled from 3.6% in 1991 to 6.5% in 2001 (Timsina et al, 2020). According to World Bank statistics Nepal's annual urban population growth rate for 2020 was 3.9%.…”

Section: Nepal Urbanisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Within Nepal, Kathmandu Valley is growing at 6.5% per year, with an estimated population of 2.54 million, indicating one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in South Asia. The number of urban centres increased from 58 in 2013 to 293 in 2017 (Timsina et al, 2020). Timsina et al (2020: 3) argue that "the transition of Nepal from predominantly rural to an emerging urban economy is primarily the result of the governmental decisions that merged rural administrative units and designated them as municipalities, administratively the urban units of Nepal."…”

Section: Nepal Urbanisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Nepal, the smart city concept has entered into discussion among planners and development practitioners since 2016 (Timsina et al, 2020: 16). However, the smart city envisioned by the government of Nepal is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication technology (ICT) in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets (MOUD, 2017 cited in Timsina et al, 2020). It is linked with the aim to cope with disasters as they are "thought to be disaster resilient, eco-friendly and people centric cities" (Timsina et al, 2020: 16).…”

Section: Nepal Urbanisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Carbon Emissions From Low carbon Cities in Rapidly Urbanising Countries – Nepal

Price¹

2021

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Climate change and urbanisation are inextricably linked. With the acceleration of urbanisation in many developing countries, urban areas play a major role in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This is true of Nepal, which has experienced rapid urbanisation in recent decades. However, no studies were identified that evaluate the efforts of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from low carbon cities in rapidly urbanising developing countries. Although, there is literature out there on this that focuses on developed countries and the Global North, this is outside the scope of this report. Given the rapid nature of this review and its limitations it was not possible to fully answer the question of whether investments in low-carbon cities reduce carbon emissions in rapidly urbanising contexts. The first section of this report looks at the theory of low carbon cities and touches on some of the methodologies for measuring carbon emissions from cities (and the complexities and difficulties with these). The second section looks at Nepal in more detail, highlighting previous literature which has attempted to quantify emissions from cities in Nepal (namely Kathmandu Valley) and the co-benefits of low carbon investment in Nepal. However, overall, literature was largely limited on these topics, and was often older being from 5 years or more ago. Of note is an emissions inventory for Nepal for 2016 by Sadavarte et al. (2019) – although other literature notes that data on emission characteristics are still limited (IMC Worldwide, 2020). ICLEI (2009) also produced city emissions profiles for 3 Nepalese cities, but these are quite outdated. There are several studies related to low carbon development pathways for major cities in developed countries or China, however such studies from the perspective of emerging cities from the developing world are limited. Research into other developing countries with similar characteristics to Nepal was briefly explored in this rapid review but there was not time to fully explore this literature base. Most of the literature explored is from academia, although some is from non-governmental organisations particularly those looking at engaging cities in climate action (such as C40). The literature explored does not look at gender issues or issues of people with disabilities.

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“…primarily by the rural to urban migration, urban population increased at an annual average of about six percent between 1970s and 2013 (Gabriela, 2013). The recent staggering increase in the urban population of the country from 17% in 2013 to 40% in 2014/15, and to 66% in 2021 is (see figure 2), however, also driven by the politico-administrative restructuring after the federalism in 2008 and designating rural areas as municipalities 4 (Timsina et al, 2020;Ishtiaque et al, 2017). With rapid urbanisation, the informal population living in slums and riverbanks have also substantially increased during the last two decades (Sengupta, 2011;K.C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanisation and Disaster Risks in the Himalaya

Poudel¹,

Shrestha²,

Khatri³

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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Haphazard urban expansion and poorly planned infrastructure development have increased and intensified disaster risks in the geologically fragile Himalaya. Against this backdrop, consolidating and interpreting the findings from four articles included in this special issue on “urbanisation and disaster risk in the Himalaya”, this paper analyses the interrelation between urbanisation and disaster risk in rapidly urbanising areas of Nepal Himalaya. The key findings that we pull together from the papers are: (1) large-scale construction activities, including the real estate boom in peri-urban Nepal, increasingly delink traditional communities from their land and culture; (2) disconnected policies and contradicting implementation in the informal to formal transitions have sustained informality and deepened risk in urban Nepal; (3) institutional inertia sustains poor coordination between stakeholders in relation to knowledge sharing, technology and resources which hinder proactive disaster management at the community level; and (4) operational and knowledge gaps emerge from failures to delineate authority, responsibility and accountability between concerned institutions, and weak institutional capacity between agencies, impeding the adoption of early warning and action system in Nepal. Based on these findings, we conclude that while the political restructuring and decentralisation of the local governments have provided authorities with the legitimacy to devise disaster management policies, enhancing overall institutional capability in terms of access to and mobilisation of knowledge, technologies and resources is needed to reduce disaster risks in the Himalaya.

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Trend of urban growth in Nepal with a focus in Kathmandu Valley: A review of processes and drivers of change

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Frequent outbreaks of dengue in Nepal – causes and solutions: a narrative review

Frequent outbreaks of dengue in Nepal – causes and solutions: a narrative review

Measuring Carbon Emissions From Low carbon Cities in Rapidly Urbanising Countries – Nepal

Urbanisation and Disaster Risks in the Himalaya

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