Trend in creatinine determining methods: Conventional methods to molecular‐based methods

Abstract

Renal failure (RF) disease is ranked as one of the most prevalent diseases with severe morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis of RF leads to subsequent control of disease to reduce the poor prognosis. The level of sera creatinine is considered as a significant biomarker for kidney biofunction, which is routinely detected by the Jaffe reaction. The normal range for creatinine in the blood may be 0.84‐1.21 mg/dL. Low accuracy, insufficient sensitivity, explosive and toxicity of picric acid, and pseudo‐interaction with nonspecific elements such as ammonium ions in the Jaffe method lead to the development of various techniques for precise detection of creatinine such as spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatography approaches and sensors based on enzymes, molecular imprinted polymer and nanoparticles, etc. Based on previously established results, they are trying to construct sensors with high accuracy, optimum sensitivity, acceptable linear/calibration range, and limit of detection, which are small in size and applicable by the patient him/herself (point‐of‐care testing). By comparing the results of research, a molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence‐based sensor with linear/calibration range of 5‐1 mM0.33emconcentration of creatinine and the detection limit of 0.5 nM has the best detectable resolution with 2 million measurable points. In this paper, we will review the recently developed methods for measuring creatinine concentration and renal biofunction.

Electrochemical creatinine detection for advanced point-of-care sensing devices: a review

“…Molecular imprinting (MIP) is a recent technique based on the mechanism used by enzymes called the “lock and key” model. 103 In the MIP method has higher sensitivity, stability and selective property. Furthermore, due to its low cost and relative simplicity, this method has been used more recently.…”

Simultaneous quantitation of urinary albumin and creatinine for rapid clinical albuminuria diagnostics using high-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry

“…13 On the other hand, the standard method for quantifying creatinine is based on the Jaffe's reaction, arguably the oldest clinical chemistry method in use, 14 in which creatinine reacts with picric acid in an alkaline solution to form an orange to red complex, which is then measured by spectrophotometry. 15 Using two different methods to obtain the diagnosis of albuminuria is not necessarily ideal, since different methodologies need to be calibrated and validated to yield useful diagnostic results. Furthermore, the methods mentioned above are subject to interference from other sample constituents.…”

High-Sensitivity Creatinine Detection via a Dual-Emission Ratiometric Fluorescence Probe Incorporating Amino-MIL-53@Mo/ZIF-8 and Rhodamine B

“…MOF uses in the fields of fluorescence (FL) sensors, in particular, have grown in popularity due to its compelling advantages of ease of handling, cheap cost, high performance, selectivity, and sensitivity . Usually, organic ligands that function as sites of recognition for specific analyte detection are the source of the FL characteristic of MOFs. , By reducing nonradiative relaxation or enhancing the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) effect, organic ligands utilized to modify prototype MOFs result in heightened fluorescence (FL) emissions for the MOFs . Furthermore, the fixation of hydrophilic groups (e.g., NH 2 ) onto organic ligands might boost the aqueous MOFs’ structural stability and solubility, extending their watery application possibilities .…”