“…Nevertheless, studies that have monitored students' performance in science at the early stages of their education across Africa indicate that achievements in integrated science is low (Onanuga & Saka, 2018;Osuolale, 2014;Ogunkola & Olatoye, 2011;Oladejo et al, 2021; United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2010). Factors such as inadequate funding for science education, inadequate teaching and learning resource, inadequately qualified teachers, inappropriate teaching methods, students' negative perceptions towards assessment and poor classroom assessment practices have been cited as major causes of students' poor achievements in science (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2009;Deodat-Otami, 2019;Laugksch, 2012;Obanya, 2003;Ogundipe, 2003;Onanuga & Saka, 2018;Maarschalk, 2008;Polesel et al, 2014).…”