Tree stability under wind: simulating uprooting with root breakage using a finite element method

Yang, Ming; Défossez, Pauline; Danjon, Frédéric; Fourcaud, Thierry

doi:10.1093/aob/mcu122

Cited by 76 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…resistive bending moment, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) [7][8], as well as fl exibility [9]. The data could also be extended further via analytical calculation to predict the risk of a wind [10][11] or used for numerical simulations [12][13][14][15], as they are widely deemed as a useful, inexpensive alternative to studying the failure mechanism of trees. It is worth-noting, however, that despite the widespread implementation of the tree-pulling test, most researchers only applied it to trees from subtropical region, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of strength and flexibility of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) by experimental tree-pulling test and numerical simulation

Nirbito¹,

Ardianto

Ramadhan

et al. 2019

J Appl Eng Science

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Stability assessment of trees is considered important in urban areas to detect possible occurrence of tree failures that often result in disastrous damages. Tree-pulling test is a low-cost, well-known method that has been practiced by researchers and practitioners alike from several decades ago. From the method, a number of parameters related to the physical characteristics of the tree can be further derived. However, the tree-pulling test has only been widely practiced mostly for tree species in subtropical region, such as pines, spruces, and birches. In this paper, a tree-pulling test on sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), a tree native to Indonesia is reported. Such a study is imperative as sengon is among the most commonly planted tree species in the urban areas of Indonesia and there have been alarming reports of falling sengon trees. Two kinds of tree-pulling test are conducted. i.e. destructive and non-destructive. From these experiments, the critical force that results in a breakage as well as the fl exibility of sengonare obtained. Numerical simulations are also carried out. The results arecompared and they show a good fi t to the experimental data, justifying the assumed linearly elastic behavior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of strength and flexibility of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) by experimental tree-pulling test and numerical simulation

Nirbito¹,

Ardianto

Ramadhan

et al. 2019

J Appl Eng Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several mathematical models have also been proposed to predict the critical wind speeds at which damage is likely to occur [3][4][5][6]. Conditions that lead to branches being broken or trees uprooted can be assessed using pulling or winching tests without incurring invasive damage [7][8][9]; Chiba [10] proposed a useful simulation model that addresses the effect of a tree's shape on potential stem breakage. In particular, a dynamic analysis overcomes the limitations of a static analysis, which is important as the dynamic interaction between a tree's stem and its branches has a significant impact on the dynamic response of the tree under wind loads [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing the Structural Stability of Old Nationally Important Trees with FRP Wraps

Kang

2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

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This study evaluated the structural effects of applying fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps around their trunks to support old trees of national importance. High wind loads such as windstorms or hurricanes represent a major threat to tall trees, and researchers have assessed the structural behaviors of trees under wind loads using both analytical and experimental approaches. As yet, however, there is no widely accepted method to safely reinforce the structural stability of nationally and historically important tall trees subject to severe wind loads. Traditional reinforcing methodologies can actually damage supported areas as the supports are relatively stiff compared to the main trunk, introducing stressful interactions. FRP materials have high tensile strength, durability, and flexibility; hence, wrapping them around the surface of the tree trunk could enhance the overall stability of a tall tree subjected to high winds without sacrificing the tree's visual aesthetics or damaging the bark. This study applied nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses to evaluate the complex structural behaviors of the wood and FRP wraps, both of which are anisotropic materials. The results revealed that FRP wraps offer a highly effective way to enhance the structural stability of tall trees with minimal cost.

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“…Mechanical stress is induced upon trees in landscape during dynamic (wind) and static (gravitational) loading events (Niklas 1992, James 2006, Matheny and Clark 2009. This loading can cause failure in both above ground and below ground portions of a tree and result in increased property loss in developed and urban areas (Yang et al 2014, Moore 2004, while elevating the occurrence of human injury. Understanding how the load is transferred through the RSTZ and if it is evenly displaced throughout the root zone can be an important consideration, especially if damage occurs to a specific section of the roots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tree tissues also differ greatly from root to stem depending on root age, tree species, and root physical properties (Yang et al 2014. ) Differences in tissue properties can be attributed to increased cellulose content and sugars found in the roots (Genet et al 2005).…”

Section: Root Versus Stem Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the recent increase of catastrophic weather events in the US, Europe and Australia, (Moore 2004, Yang et al 2014 liability concerns arising from the retention and preservation of large amenity trees is of increasing concern. As more mature managed trees are found in populated areas, arborist and tree practitioners are faced with sometimes daunting tasks of deciding whether a tree should be removed if an imbalance of benefit to liability is compromised based on current tree risk assessment methods (Mortimer and Kane 2004) and conservative tree risk assessments (Moore 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Trees

Beezley¹

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Trees are subjected to mechanical stressors, induced via dynamic (wind) and static (gravitational) forces, and must properly acclimate during their lifespan or face premature mortality. Resource allocation as a stress response is vital for tree survival, and can include the shedding of woody parts, adaptive growth, hormonal signaling cascades, and the initiation of energy transfer mechanisms. The strain resulting from stress intercepted by the canopy and transferred throughout the tree is of significant importance, not only for tree survival, but for the safety and well-being of the human population found in close proximity. As trees age and adapt to stressors and an ever changing environment, material properties also change that can influence tree stability, of which arborist and tree managers should account for. To test the function of tree orientation to an applied load, static load tests were conducted on 15 mature pin oak trees (Quercus palustris Muenchh.). Static load tests were applied to tilt the trees 0.1 o from natural position to concentrate strain at the root-stem transition zone (RSTZ) and nondestructively mapped resulting strain patterns with an ARAMIS digital image correlation (DIC) system. Using bark as a surrogate for strain on the xylem, strain resulting from static loading was mapped with the DIC system from the main stem into the structural root system. Strain patterns were analyzed across the RSTZ in the leeward, tangential, and windward directions. Results indicate that mean maximum strain magnitudes are similar at the RSTZ on the leeward (0.088) and windward sides (0.090) and lower on the tangential direction (0.058). The leeward strain was comprised of 4% tensile strain and 96% compressive strain and windward strain was comprised of 95% tensile strain and 5% compressive strain. Mean maximum strain for the tangential orientation constituted 65% tensile strain and 35% compressive strain. The changes of proportional strains found on the tangential RTSZ orientation is poorly understood and often disregarded in tree biomechanical studies. This information could prove to be beneficial to the arboricultural and plant science communities to better understand how trees manage loading events and to further enhance tree risk assessment and root zone management protocols.

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Tree stability under wind: simulating uprooting with root breakage using a finite element method

Abstract: This study provides the first model of tree anchorage strength for P. pinaster derived from the mechanical strength of individual roots. The generic nature of the model permits its further application to other tree species and soil conditions.

Cited by 76 publications

References 57 publications

Validation of strength and flexibility of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) by experimental tree-pulling test and numerical simulation

Validation of strength and flexibility of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) by experimental tree-pulling test and numerical simulation

Reinforcing the Structural Stability of Old Nationally Important Trees with FRP Wraps

Determination of Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Trees

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