Tree species identification via 1H NMR fingerprinting of supercritical carbon dioxide wood extractives

Abstract

Six tree species were examined using 1H NMR spectroscopy of sap extracted by supercritical CO2. A metabolomic approach was developed to evaluate the sap extracted from sapwood of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), radiata pine (Pinus radiata), macrocarpa (Cupressus macrocarpa), and two Eucalyptus species—shining gum and mountain ash (Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus regnans. The sap extraction patterns in the different species were visualised using 1H magnetic resonance imaging. In softwoods with distinct annual rings, water was first removed from the latewood bands, and then gradually from the earlywood bands. In the case of the hardwood species an almost random water redistribution, rather than water expulsion, was observed. Analysis of the principal component analysis loading plots showed that the significant differences in the sap between each species were due to the carbohydrate region. Key discriminators were identified as pinitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose.

There Is Not Only Cupressus sempervirens L.: A Review on the Phytochemistry and Bioactivities of the Other Cupressus L. Species

“…Old leaves SE, PL, GC-MS α-phellandrene, trans-ocimene, γ-terpinene, limonene, α-terpinene, camphor, camphene, citronellol, δ-3-carene, 13-isopropyl-podocarpa-6,13 diene, kaur-16-ene, jasmine lactone, kaur-15-ene, ferruginol, prasterone, cholesterol, 13-methyl-13-vinyl-podocarp-7-en-3-one [112] Egypt (obtained from a botanical garden) Leaves SE, PP, LC, TLC, HPLC-UV, NMR, MS cupresin A, cupresin B, cupresin C, agathadiol, 19-hydroxy-13-oxo-15,16-di-nor-ent-labda-8(17)-ene, isocupressic acid, acetyl-isocupressic acid, (−)-matairesinol, arctigenin, (−)-deoxy-podophyllotoxin [113] Turkey (wild population) Leaves HD, GC-MS vinyl carbinol, isoprenol, prenol, prenal, caproaldehyde, sabinene, sabinene hydrate, linalool oxide, limonene, α-pinene, dihydrocamphene carbinol, citronellal, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, β-citronellol, 1,4-dihydroxy-p-menth-2-ene, pulegone, p-menthane-3,8-diol [114] Cameroon (wild population) Leaves HD. GC-FID, GC-MS α-thujene, α-pinene, α-fenchene, β-pinene, myrcene, δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, cis-β-terpineol, trans-β-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, α-terpineol, cis-piperitol, piperitone, bornyl acetate, 2-cis-dihydro-terpinyl acetate, deca-(2E,4E)-dien-1-ol, α-terpinyl acetate, cyclosativene, longifolene, β-copaene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, germacrene D, α-germacrene, δ-cadinene, α-cadinene, 10-epi-cubebol, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, humulene epoxide I, α-cadinol, α-eudesmol, γ-eudesmol [115] Egypt (wild population) Leaves SE, qNMR, HPTLC cupressuflavone [116] Egypt (wild population) Leaves SE, CC, pTLC, NMR, MS 3 -demethoxy-dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol-9 -O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, β-sitosterol, agathadiol, sandaracopimaric acid, cupressuflavone, blumenol-C-glucoside, 3-methyl-but-3-en-1-ol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, shikimic acid [117] New Zealand (wild population) Sap wood SCDE, NMR NMRI functional groups screening (exact compounds not specified) [118] Table 1. Cont.…”