Treatment vs. transport: A framework for assessing the trade-offs between on-site desalination and off-site water sourcing for an industrial case study

Lowering the fresh water footprint of cooling towers: A treatment-train for the reuse of discharged water consisting of constructed wetlands, nanofiltration, electrochemical oxidation and reverse osmosis

“…It is possible to produce a water stream from CTW that can be applied for many purposes within the industrial sector using an integrated treatment train of CWs, NF, EO and RO. Before this integrated treatment train can be applied on the full-scale for the treatment of CTW, future studies should provide more insights in various aspects, such as the water recovery of the treatment train, the production and disposal of concentrated streams, the reuse water quality requirements and application, the maturity of the technological and green compartments of the treatment train and the related CAPEX and OPEX (Wreyford et al, 2020;Belmondo Bianchi et al, 2021;Willet et al, 2021). The following paragraphs provide more detailed suggestions for future research for these important aspects.…”