Treatment of Vacutainers for Use in the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Blood at the Low Parts-Per-Tri11ion Level

Cardinali, Frederick L.; McCraw, Joan M.; Ashley, David L.; Bonin, Michael A.; Wooten, Joe V.

doi:10.1093/chromsci/33.10.557

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…We collected two 10-mL whole blood samples approximately 0.5 hr apart, before and just after the study participant showered. We collected samples by venipuncture into gray top vacutainers (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Rutherford, NJ) containing potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride that were specially treated to remove volatile organic compound contamination (23). Whole blood samples were placed on wet ice or stored at refrigerator temperatures.…”

Section: Methods For Assessing Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods.

Lynberg

Nuckols

Langlois

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, to evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information about water use habits and tap water characteristics. Two 10-mL whole blood samples were collected from each participant before and immediately after her shower. Levels of individual THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) were measured in whole blood [parts per trillion (pptr)] and in water samples (parts per billion). In the Corpus Christi water samples, brominated compounds accounted for 71% of the total THM concentration by weight; in Cobb County, chloroform accounted for 88%. Significant differences in blood THM levels were observed between study locations. For example, the median baseline blood level of bromoform was 0.3 pptr and 3.5 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences were most striking in blood obtained after showering. For bromoform, the median blood levels were 0.5 pptr and 17 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that blood levels of THM species vary substantially across populations, depending on both water quality characteristics and water use activities. Such variation has important implications for epidemiologic studies of the potential health effects of disinfection by-products.

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Section: Methods For Assessing Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods.

Lynberg

Nuckols

Langlois

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Commercial vacutainer rubber stoppers contain volatile compounds (e.g., bromoform), which can severely interfere with accurate measurements of THMs in blood (41). These compounds must be removed by heating the stoppers under vacuum prior to use.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: report from an international workshop.

Arbuckle

Hrudey

Krasner

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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The inability to accurately assess exposure has been one of the major shortcomings of epidemiologic studies of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. A number of contributing factors include a) limited information on the identity, occurrence, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of the many DBPs that can be formed from chlorine, chloramine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide disinfection; b) the complex chemical interrelationships between DBPs and other parameters within a municipal water distribution system; and c) difficulties obtaining accurate and reliable information on personal activity and water consumption patterns. In May 2000, an international workshop was held to bring together various disciplines to develop better approaches for measuring DBP exposure for epidemiologic studies. The workshop reached consensus about the clear need to involve relevant disciplines (e.g., chemists, engineers, toxicologists, biostatisticians and epidemiologists) as partners in developing epidemiologic studies of DBPs in drinking water. The workshop concluded that greater collaboration of epidemiologists with water utilities and regulators should be encouraged in order to make regulatory monitoring data more useful for epidemiologic studies. Similarly, exposure classification categories in epidemiologic studies should be chosen to make results useful for regulatory or policy decision making.

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“…Blood Samples A certified phlebotomist collected blood samples using Vacutainer1 tubes that had been processed to remove VOC contamination (Cardinali et al, 1995 ] ) levels using a headspace purge-and -trap / gas chromatography /mass spectrometry method with detection limits in the parts -per-quadrillion range. The mass spectrometry portion of the method had been modified from the original VOC analysis procedure (see Ashley et al, 1992 ) to achieve lower detection limits.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethane levels

Backer

Ashley

Bonin

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

145

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Exposure to drinking water disinfection by -products ( DBPs ) , such as trihalomethanes ( THMs ) , has been associated with bladder and colorectal cancer in humans. Exposure to DBPs has typically been determined by examining historical water treatment records and reconstructing study participants' water consumption histories. However, other exposure routes, such as dermal absorption and inhalation, may be important components of an individual's total exposure to drinking water DBPs. In this study, we examined individuals' exposure to THMs through drinking, showering, or bathing in tap water. Thirty -one adult volunteers showered with tap water for 10 min ( n = 11 ) , bathed for 10 min in a bathtub filled with tap water ( n = 10 ) , or drank 1 l of tap water during a 10 -min time period ( n = 10 ) . Participants provided three 10 ml blood samples: one sample immediately before the exposure; one sample 10 min after the exposure ended; and one sample 30 min ( for shower and tub exposure ) or 1 h ( for ingestion ) after the exposure ended. A sample of the water ( from the tap, from the bath, or from the shower ) was collected for each participant. We analyzed water samples and whole blood for THMs ( bromoform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and chloroform ) using a purge -and -trap / gas chromatography / mass spectrometry method with detection limits in the parts -perquadrillion range. The highest levels of THMs were found in the blood samples from people who took 10 -min showers, whereas the lowest levels were found in the blood samples from people who drank 1 l of water in 10 min. The results from this study indicate that household activities such as bathing and showering are important routes for human exposure to THMs.

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Treatment of Vacutainers for Use in the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Blood at the Low Parts-Per-Tri11ion Level

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods.

Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods.

Assessing exposure in epidemiologic studies to disinfection by-products in drinking water: report from an international workshop.

Household exposures to drinking water disinfection by-products: whole blood trihalomethane levels

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