Treatment of schizophrenia in the 21st Century: beyond the neurotransmitter hypothesis

Rogers, Donald P.; Goldsmith, Carroll-Ann

doi:10.1586/14737175.9.1.47

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This relationship was not evident in the present study, however, as no correlations were found between chlorpromazine equivalent doses of antipsychotic medications and tapping rates for the schizophrenia group. The lack of relationship could be due to a number of factors, including the fact that 14 of the 21 individuals with schizophrenia taking antipsychotic medications were receiving atypical medications, which have a larger affinity for multiple receptors and various neurotransmitter sites (Rogers & Goldsmith, 2009). Furthermore, the absence of a standardized method of antipsychotic drug comparison makes it difficult to reliably compare multiple medications across a patient sample (Nose et al, 2008; Rijcken et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task

Carroll

O’Donnell

Shekhar

et al. 2009

Brain and Cognition

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Schizophrenia may be associated with a fundamental disturbance in the temporal coordination of information processing in the brain, leading to classic symptoms of schizophrenia such as thought disorder and disorganized and contextually inappropriate behavior. Although a variety of behavioral studies have provided strong evidence for perceptual timing deficits in schizophrenia, no study to date has directly examined overt temporal performance in schizophrenia using a task that differentially engages perceptual and motor-based timing processes. The present study aimed to isolate perceptual and motor-based temporal performance in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia using a repetitive finger-tapping task that has previously been shown to differentially engage brain regions associated with perceptual and motor-related timing behavior. Thirty-two individuals with schizophrenia and 31 non-psychiatric control participants completed the repetitive finger-tapping task, which required participants to first tap in time with computer-generated tones separated by a fixed intertone interval (tone-paced tapping), after which the tones were discontinued and participants were required to continue tapping at the established pace (self-paced tapping). Participants with schizophrenia displayed significantly faster tapping rates for both tone- and self-paced portions of the task compared to the non-psychiatric group. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia also displayed greater tapping variability during both tone- and self-paced portions of the task. The application of a mathematical timing model further indicated that group differences were primarily attributable to increased timing – as opposed to task implementation – difficulties in the schizophrenia group, which is noteworthy given the broad range of impairments typically associated with the disorder. These findings support the contention that schizophrenia is associated with a broad range of timing difficulties, including those associated with time perception as well as time production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task

Carroll

O’Donnell

Shekhar

et al. 2009

Brain and Cognition

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“…1 Among them are the endogenous cannabinoids, a family of lipid messengers that target the same cell surface receptors engaged by Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol in marijuana. 2 Because Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and other direct-acting cannabinoid agonists can induce psychotic symptoms both in healthy volunteers 3, 4, 5 and schizophrenic patients, 6, 7 it has been suggested that hyperactivity of the endocannabinoid system might contribute to psychotic states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia

et al. 2012

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Cannabidiol is a component of marijuana that does not activate cannabinoid receptors, but moderately inhibits the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide. We previously reported that an elevation of anandamide levels in cerebrospinal fluid inversely correlated to psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, enhanced anandamide signaling let to a lower transition rate from initial prodromal states into frank psychosis as well as postponed transition. In our translational approach, we performed a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of cannabidiol vs amisulpride, a potent antipsychotic, in acute schizophrenia to evaluate the clinical relevance of our initial findings. Either treatment was safe and led to significant clinical improvement, but cannabidiol displayed a markedly superior side-effect profile. Moreover, cannabidiol treatment was accompanied by a significant increase in serum anandamide levels, which was significantly associated with clinical improvement. The results suggest that inhibition of anandamide deactivation may contribute to the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol potentially representing a completely new mechanism in the treatment of schizophrenia.

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“…Anti-dopaminergic receptor antibodies or inhibition of the transmitter itself do not seem relevant [13], but the GABAergic control of this dopaminergic system seems an important factor in the course of schizophrenia [14]. A hypofunction of the GABAergic system is a possible cause of severe schizophrenic symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case of GABAR antibodies in schizophrenia

2017

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BackgroundIn the last couple of years, schizophrenia was often discussed as autoimmune disease. Several antibodies were suspected, but so far there has been no proof of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antibodies in patients with schizophrenia.Case presentationIn this case report we present a 21-year old woman with schizophrenic symptoms, who showed anti-GABAB1 antibodies when screened by a vast recombinant neurology mosaic on Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 (HEK293) cells. The young woman presented with various psychotic symptoms as well as speech and motor ataxia, with the neurological signs starting in childhood.ConclusionA hypofunction of the GABAergic system is a possible cause of severe schizophrenic symptoms. Postmortem studies proved this hypothesis by showing dysfunctional GABAergic interneurons in various brain areas. Therefore one should always think of an immune-mediated pathogenesis as well memory impairment and behavioral changes co-occur with frequent seizures.

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Treatment of schizophrenia in the 21st Century: beyond the neurotransmitter hypothesis

Cited by 20 publications

References 71 publications

Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task

Timing dysfunctions in schizophrenia as measured by a repetitive finger tapping task

Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia

A case of GABAR antibodies in schizophrenia

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