Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections with Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Finch, Roger

doi:10.2165/00003495-198700342-00014

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…It has been established that in both healthy subjects and most patients, the mean half-life of CRO in serum is approximately 8 h (8,9,33). CRO exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including common respiratory pathogens (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae) (1,6,8,10,11,15).…”

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confidence: 99%

In vivo efficacy of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model

Moine

Vallée

Azoulay-Dupuis

et al. 1994

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The increasing emergence of penicillin-resistant (P') strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae could pose a therapeutic problem in the next few years. Ceftriaxone (CRO), a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, exhibits a smaller increase in MICs against pr S. pneumoniae strains than amoxicillin (AMO) (usually referred as to the "gold standard" therapy for pneumococcal infections). Therefore, we compared their respective efficacies in a leukopenic Swiss mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Infection was induced with two serotype 19 strains: a penicillin-susceptible (PS) strain (MICs of <0.01 for penicillin, 0.03 for AMO, and 0.03 for CRO) and a pr strain (MICs of 4 for penicillin, 2 for AMO, and 0.5 for CRO). Untreated mice died within 2 or 3 days. Against the PS strain, the minimal protective dose (two subcutaneous injections at 12-h intervals for 3 days) for both CRO and AMO was 5 mg/kg of body weight (87% survivors). Ten-fold-increased doses of CRO (50 mg/kg) gave similar protection (75% survivors) against the pr strain, whereas 20-and 40-fold-increased doses of AMO protected 0 and 34% of the animals, respectively, against the PS strain. CRO had a marked and prolonged antibacterial effect in the lungs (2.7-log-unit reduction of CFU in 24 h after a single 50-mg/kg injection) against the Pr strain in comparison with AMO. A standard dosage of 50 mg of CRO per kg in mice resulted in peak levels in serum and protein binding comparable to those observed with 1 g given intravenously in humans. This dosage remained effective against a highly pr S. pneumoniae strain in this model. The microbiological activity and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of CRO (time during which concentrations exceed the MIC for the test pathogen [AtMIC], .8 h; and peak/MIC ratio, >90 for free active drug) accounted for its efficacy relative to AMO (50 mg/kg: AtMIC, <2 h; peak/MIC ratio, <25) against the highly Pr S. pneumoniae strain used in this study.

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confidence: 99%

In vivo efficacy of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model

Moine

Vallée

Azoulay-Dupuis

et al. 1994

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The relatively high detection rate of H. influenzae [5] in RTI as well as the growing emergence of resistant strains of H. influenzae call for a potent and welltolerated drug. Finch [6] states that so far no ideal oral cephalosporin is available for this indication. In our patient popula tion treated for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, more than 20% of the patients were infected with H. influenzae; cefetamet pivoxil eradicated 82% and cef aclor 56% of these infections.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cefetamet Pivoxil a New Oral Cephalosporin: Clinical Evaluation

1988

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Cefetamet pivoxil, an oral cephalosporin, was given to 683 patients; 414 received standard antibiotics. 1.5 and 1.2 g of cefetamet pivoxil were fully effective in gonorrhea. In two trials in uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) 2 g cefetamet as a single dose was significantly superior (93.3% cure) to 2 g cefadroxil (74.4% cure) and 90.8% vs. 74.7% cure. Results in complicated UTI with 2 g cefetamet for 10 days were 87.9% cure and 71.4% cure with cefadroxil. In acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis 88% were cured with cefetamet (101 patients) and 80% with cefaclor (n = 94). In acute ear-nose-throat infections, the response rate was 89% and 93% with 1 or 2 g cefetamet per day, respectively. Adverse events were noticed in 6% of the 683 cefetamet-treated patients; they were rapidly reversible.

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“…The cephalosporins are used for treating infectious diseases of bacterial origin in both humans and animals (80,132,(213)(214)(215)(216)(217)(218). First-generation cephalosporins such as cephalothin 27 and cephalexin 12 are the most active against staphylococci and nonenterococcal streptococci and are effective alternatives to the penicillins in patients with endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and cellulitis (213).…”

Section: Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cephalosporins

Roberts¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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CEPHALOSPORINSThe cephalosporins, a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics, consist of a 4-membered lactam ring fused through the nitrogen and the adjacent tetrahedral carbon atom to a second heterocycle forming a 6-membered dihydrothiazine ring. Other structural features common to all the cephalosporins are a carboxyl group on the dihydrothiazine ring on the carbon next to the ring nitrogen and a functionalized amino group on C-7, the carbon of the β-lactam ring opposite the nitrogen. These features are evidenced in 7-aminocephalosporanic acid [957-68-6] (7-ACA), C 10 H 12 N 2 O 5 S 1. Cephalosporins, like all β-lactam antibiotics, exert their antibacterial effect by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. These antibiotics tend to be "irreversible" inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis and they are usually bactericidal at concentrations close to their bacteriostatic levels. Cephalosporins are widely used for treating bacterial infections. They are highly effective antibiotics and have low toxicity.

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Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections with Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Cited by 19 publications

References 122 publications

In vivo efficacy of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model

In vivo efficacy of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftriaxone, against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse pneumonia model

Cefetamet Pivoxil a New Oral Cephalosporin: Clinical Evaluation

Cephalosporins

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