Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems

Appleman, Timothy D.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Quiñones, Oscar; Vanderford, Brett J.; Kolstad, Chad; Zeigler-Holady, Janie C.; Dickenson, Eric

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067

Cited by 399 publications

(283 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The membrane pores of RO are smaller than NF therefore more effective for PFAA removal than NF. Despite RO's effectiveness, RO is more costly than NF treatment (Appleman et al, 2014). Within the error of the measurements, the mass flows associated with the sum of the NF/RO effluent and concentrate were in agreement with or slightly lower than that of the UF effluent.…”

Section: Mass Flows Of Pfass During the Treatment Processmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…At site GZ, SH and SZ, the mass flows of individual PFAAs decreased by 90%-100% in the RO effluent compared to the UF effluent, while it decreased by 5%-100% in the NF effluent at sites CZ and NJ. Previous studies also reported that PFAAs were effectively rejected after RO treatment (Appleman et al, 2014;Tang et al, 2006;Thompson et al, 2011). The membrane pores of RO are smaller than NF therefore more effective for PFAA removal than NF.…”

Section: Mass Flows Of Pfass During the Treatment Processmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Efficient removal of PFAAs during leachate treatment is expected to be a challenging task; additional expensive treatment processes (e.g. black carbon adsorption) are probably required but mostly not implemented (Appleman et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014a). However, the effectiveness of commonly-applied leachate treatment processes for removing PFAAs is not well-known due to the limited studies reporting the fate and mass flow of PFAAs during leachate treatment processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Perfluoroalkyl acids in municipal landfill leachates from China: Occurrence, fate during leachate treatment and potential impact on groundwater

Yan

Cousins

Zhang

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

176

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Section: Mass Flows Of Pfass During the Treatment Processmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Mass Flows Of Pfass During the Treatment Processmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perfluoroalkyl acids in municipal landfill leachates from China: Occurrence, fate during leachate treatment and potential impact on groundwater

Yan

Cousins

Zhang

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

176

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“…as its nature advantages makes NF a promising and attractive technology in the removal of PFOS with high rejection efficiencies of 490% from water [13][14][15][16][17]. In previous work, Steinle-Darling found NF membrane could effectively remove PFOS [18]. Appleman et al also indicated NF is effective to remove PFOS more than 95% [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorooctane sulfonate removal by nanofiltration membrane—the effect and interaction of magnesium ion / humic acid

Zhao

Tang

et al. 2016

Journal of Membrane Science

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a b s t r a c tAlthough the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in environmental systems has generated widespread interest, little information is available on PFOS removal from surface water by membrane technology. Herein, a novel nanofiltration membrane (NF270) was investigated so as to remove PFOS. More specifically, the interaction and effect of Mg 2 þ ion and/or humic acid (HA) in the feed solution on PFOS removal efficiency and total permeate flux were examined. Under 0.8 MPa, an improvement in PFOS rejection efficiency from 94.3% to 99.5% was observed when the concentration of Mg 2 þ ion was increased from 0-2 mM in the feed solution. This enhancement is attributed to enhanced size exclusion because PFOS molecules are linked together by Mg 2 þ ion, as shown by Density Functional Theory (DFT)calculation. The result shows that Mg 2 þ ion can more easily neutralize two PFOS anion than one PFOS anion on the basis of the Gibbs free energy changes. Conversely, the presence of HA had minimal improvement on PFOS rejection because HA had much weaker ability to bind with PFOS comparing to Mg 2 þ . Consequently, The further interaction between Mg 2 þ and the carboxylic groups of HA molecule, carboxylic group or amino group of NF270 membrane was also calculated via DFT theory. Corresponding DFT structures and calculation parameters of Mg 2 þ with different groups were obtained. These findings indicate that the size exclusion mechanism primarily governs PFOS removal by the NF270 membrane. Flux results showed that the co-presence of Mg 2 þ ion and HA in the feed solution resulted in the most flux reduction, by 70%, that was associated with the thickest fouled layer.

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“…During the last decades, numerous studies have detected its presence in food [6], water [7,8], sediment [9], sewage sludge [5,10], animals, and humans [11,12]. Consequently, concern has increased because of the stability, persistence, and bioaccumulative characteristics of these compounds, which can have adverse effects on humans and wildlife [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and comparison of several extraction methods for determining perfluoroalkyl substances in abiotic environmental solid matrices using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

2015

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In this study, four extraction methods of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils and sediments were validated and compared in order to select the one that provides the best recoveries and the highest sensitivity. The determination of PFASs was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction methods compared were based on (i) an aqueous solution of acetic acid and methanol (recoveries 44-125%, relative standard deviation (RSD) <25%), (ii) methanol (34-109%, <25%), (iii) sodium hydroxide digestion (24-178%, <49%), and (iv) ion pair (35-179%, <31%). The best results were obtained with methanol extraction, which recovered a greater number of PFASs and provided values between 45-103% in sediment and 34-109% in soil with RSDs <25% and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.02-0.31 and 0.01-6.00 ng g(-1), respectively. The selected method was successfully applied to Segura River sediments and soil samples taken near the Turia River. This study demonstrates the presence of PFASs in the studied rivers of the Valencian Community (0.07-14.91 ng g(-1) in Segura River sediments; 0.02-64.04 ng g(-1) in Turia River soils). Graphical Abstract Selected matrices and extraction methods for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances.

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Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems

Cited by 399 publications

References 42 publications

Perfluoroalkyl acids in municipal landfill leachates from China: Occurrence, fate during leachate treatment and potential impact on groundwater

Perfluoroalkyl acids in municipal landfill leachates from China: Occurrence, fate during leachate treatment and potential impact on groundwater

Perfluorooctane sulfonate removal by nanofiltration membrane—the effect and interaction of magnesium ion / humic acid

Optimization and comparison of several extraction methods for determining perfluoroalkyl substances in abiotic environmental solid matrices using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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