Treatment of Navigational Accuracies: Proposals for the Future*

Mertikas, Stelios P.; Wells, David; Leenhouts, Pieter P.

doi:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1985.tb00891.x

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The procedure used for statistical analysis aimed to remove the extreme values (considered as possible outliers), if occurring. Indeed, some authors analyzed the statistical distribution of GNSS errors [67] using a normal distribution as discussed and justified by [68]. A normal distribution was fitted to the empirical frequency under the hypotheses of equal mean and standard deviation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NRTK, PPP or Static, That Is the Question. Testing Different Positioning Solutions for GNSS Survey

et al. 2021

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Worldwide, the determination of the coordinates from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey (in Network Real Time Kinematic, Precise Point Positioning, or static mode) has been analysed in several scientific and technical applications. Many of those have been carried out to compare Precise Point Positioning (PPP), Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), and static modes’ solutions, usually, using the latter as the true or the most plausible solution. This approach is not always possible as the static mode solution depends on several parameters (baseline length, acquisition time, ionospheric, and tropospheric models, etc.) that must be considered to evaluate the accuracy of the method. This work aims to show the comparison among the GNSS survey methods mentioned above, using some benchmark points. The tests were carried out by comparing the survey methods in pairs to check their solutions congruence. The NRTK and the static solutions refer to a local GNSS CORS network’s analysis. The NRTK positioning has been obtained with different methods (VRS, FKP, NEA) and the PPP solution has been calculated with two different software (RTKLIB and CSRS-PPP). A statistical approach has been performed to check if the distribution frequencies of the coordinate’s residual belong to the normal distribution, for all pairs analysed. The results show that the hypothesis of a normal distribution is confirmed in most of the pairs and, specifically, the Static vs. NRTK pair seems to achieve the best congruence, while involving the PPP approach, pairs obtained with CSRS software achieve better congruence than those involving RTKLIB software.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NRTK, PPP or Static, That Is the Question. Testing Different Positioning Solutions for GNSS Survey

et al. 2021

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“…[4][5][6][7][8] Extensive research has also been conducted on position dilution of precision (PDOP). [9][10][11][12][13] Multipath error seriously affects the precision in high-precision GPS applications, and some articles have analyzed multipath error and detection methods. 14,15) The analysis of combined GPS/BeiDou data quality and positioning accuracy under different observation conditions has also been proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of GPS/BeiDou Integration Positioning Performance

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2015

Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. S Sci.

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As a new global navigation system, BeiDou has formally been in operation in the Asian region since December 27, 2012. To evaluate its positioning performance, several days' observation data were collected using a global positioning system (GPS)/BeiDou receiver in Shanghai. In this paper, the constellation and signals of BeiDou are first reviewed. Carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N 0 ) and multipath combinations are analyzed, then multipath errors of GPS satellites and BeiDou satellites were compared in terms of elevation angle. A positioning performance comparison of three scenarios was conducted using three indicators including number of visible satellites (NVS), position dilution of precision (PDOP), and accuracy of positioning. All positioning results were solved using a single-point positioning mode. After six months of adjustment, comparison of the positioning performance before BeiDou began providing regional services, there were some significant improvements in performance. The accuracy requirements published before formal operation, in which positioning accuracy is less than 10 m, was met. The results show that the integration system has a large NVS, low PDOP value, and a high level of accuracy and precision. The positioning performance can be improved after using BeiDou, especially under the conditions of urban environment.

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On the Computation of Bi-Normal Radial Error

Leenhouts

1985

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The Bi‐normal density distribution function on a surface is represented by a position vector and covariance matrix. Its physical dimensions are described by the error ellipse. A generalized scalar is the radial or circular error which denotes the probability within a radius of the position. To compute the radial error probability (or probability circle) precisely, a non‐trivial numerical integration is necessary. Simpler but less accurate conventions in common use are the Drms and CEP. The error ellipse semi‐major axis is also sometimes applied to radial error. These three measures of radial error are subject to variations in probability as a function of the eccentricity of the distribution. The probability of a circle can be obtained simply and more accurately by the use of a third order polynomial.

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Treatment of Navigational Accuracies: Proposals for the Future*

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

NRTK, PPP or Static, That Is the Question. Testing Different Positioning Solutions for GNSS Survey

NRTK, PPP or Static, That Is the Question. Testing Different Positioning Solutions for GNSS Survey

Evaluation of GPS/BeiDou Integration Positioning Performance

On the Computation of Bi-Normal Radial Error

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