Treatment of Iodine Deficiency in School-Age Children Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF Binding Protein-3 Concentrations and Improves Somatic Growth

Zimmermann, Michael; Jooste, P. L.; Mabapa, Ngoako Solomon; Mbhenyane, Xikombiso; Schoeman, Serina E.; Biebinger, Ralf; Chaouki, Noureddine; Bozo, Maksim; Grimci, Lindita; Bridson, John

doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1901

Cited by 62 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…The aim of a recent study (184) was to determine whether iodine repletion improves growth in school-age children and to investigate the role of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in this effect. Three prospective, double-blind intervention studies were done in areas of varying iodine deficiency: in severely iodine-deficient Moroccan children; in moderately iodine-deficient Albanian children; and in mildly iodine-deficient South African children.…”

Section: Somatic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Deficiency

2009

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Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.

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Section: Somatic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Deficiency

2009

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“…Thus it appears that in children born and raised in areas of moderate iodine deficiency cognitive impairment is at least partially reversible by iodine repletion (38,39) . In addition, recent controlled studies clearly demonstrate that iodine repletion in schoolage children with iodine deficiency increases insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 concentrations; in children who have moderateto-severe deficiency their somatic growth is improved (40) . Chronic iodine deficiency increases the TSH concentration and produces a thyroid hormone pattern consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism (11) , and subclinical hypothyroidism may increase the risk of CVD.…”

Section: Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

Zimmermann

2009

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Iodine deficiency is not only a problem in developing regions; it also affects many industrialised countries. Globally, two billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and approximately 50% of continental Europe remains mildly iodine deficient. Iodine intakes in other industrialised countries, including the USA and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency has reappeared in Australia, as a result of declining iodine residues in milk products because of decreased iodophor use by the dairy industry. In the USA, although the general population is iodine sufficient, it is uncertain whether iodine intakes are adequate in pregnancy, which has led to calls for iodine supplementation. The few available data suggest that pregnant women in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are now mildly iodine deficient, possibly as a result of reduced use of iodophors by the dairy industry, as observed in Australia. Representative data on iodine status in children and pregnant women in the UK are urgently needed to inform health policy. In most industrialised countries the best strategy to control iodine deficiency is carefully-monitored salt iodisation. However, because approximately 90% of salt consumption in industrialised countries is from purchased processed foods, the iodisation of household salt only will not supply adequate iodine. Thus, in order to successfully control iodine deficiency in industrialised countries it is critical that the food industry use iodised salt. The current push to reduce salt consumption to prevent chronic diseases and the policy of salt iodisation to eliminate iodine deficiency do not conflict; iodisation methods can fortify salt to provide recommended iodine intakes even ifper capitasalt intakes are reduced to <5 g/d.

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“…The corresponding median Urinary Iodine concentration (UI) that indicates the optimal iodine nutrition, increases from 100 -199 μg/L [6] in nonpregnant women to 150 -250 μg/L during pregnancy [5]. Iodine is rapidly absorbed in the circulation in the form of inorganic iodine, which is rapidly cleared by the kidneys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Iodine Excretion In Pregnancy: A Pilot Study in The Region of Nepal

Agrawal¹

2013

JCDR

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Background: Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in the thyroid economy and the relative iodine deficiency. The median Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) is the most reliable indicator of the population's iodine nutrition. The physiological alterations in normal pregnancy, such as an increased glomerular filtration rate, potentially invalidate UIE as an assessment tool in pregnancy. Objectives:To assess the Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) in pregnant mothers and to enquire about the current status of their iodised salt intake. Methods:We carried out a cross-sectional study in which urine samples were collected from 45 pregnant mothers who were admitted to the antenatal ward. The iodine level in the urine was analysed by a method which was provided by Singh and Ali, to determine the Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE). A questionnaire was introduced to document the status of the dietary intake of iodised salt. The UIE was expressed in median (interquartile) and the other data are expressed in frequency and percentage. Fisher Exact test was applied to compare between UIE and iodine intake.Results: Thirteen (28.88%) pregnant mothers had UIEs of <150 µg/L, which were below the cut-off point of the UIE for pregnant mothers. Overall, 33 mothers were from the Terai region; among them, one third had UIEs of <150 µg/L. Among the 45 pregnant women, 15 (33.34%) were not using iodised salt and the rest were using iodised salt. Among those who were using iodised salt (30 out of 45), 8 pregnant women had UIEs of <150 µg/L and among those who were not using iodised salt, 5 pregnant women had UIEs of < 150 µg/L. Conclusion:The UIE was below 150µg/L in a substantial percentage (28.89%) of pregnant women of the Terai region, regardless of their intake of iodised salt.

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Treatment of Iodine Deficiency in School-Age Children Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF Binding Protein-3 Concentrations and Improves Somatic Growth

Abstract: This is the first controlled study to clearly demonstrate that iodine repletion in school-age children increases IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and improves somatic growth.

Cited by 62 publications

References 36 publications

Iodine Deficiency

Iodine Deficiency

Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

Urinary Iodine Excretion In Pregnancy: A Pilot Study in The Region of Nepal

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