Treatment of Infectious Diarrhea in Children

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases remain an important cause of childhood morbidity and death in developing countries, although diarrheal deaths have significantly declined in recent years, mostly due to successes in the implementation of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is the principal treatment modality. Diarrhea may occur for varied reasons; however, most episodes of diarrhea in developing countries are infectious in origin. Three clinical forms of diarrhea (acute watery diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea) have been identified to formulate a management plan. Acute diarrhea may be watery (where features of dehydration are prominent) or dysenteric (where stools contain blood and mucus). Rehydration therapy is the key to management of acute watery diarrhea, whereas antimicrobial agents play a vital role in the management of acute invasive diarrhea, particularly shigellosis and amebiasis. In persistent diarrhea, nutritional therapy, including dietary manipulations, is a very important aspect in its management, in addition to rehydration therapy. Rehydration may be carried out either by the oral or intravenous route, depending upon the degree of dehydration. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (World Health Organization formula) is recommended for ORT. Intravenous fluid is recommended for initial management of severe dehydration due to diarrhea, followed by ORT with ORS solution for correction of ongoing fluid losses. Antimicrobial therapy is beneficial for cholera and shigellosis. Antiparasitic agents are indicated only if amebiasis and giardiasis are present. Appropriate feeding during diarrhea is recommended for nutritional recovery and to prevent bodyweight loss. Antidiarrheal agents do not provide additional benefit in the management of infectious diarrhea. Although some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus, their use in the treatment of diarrhea is yet to be recommended, even in developed countries. The children of developing countries might benefit from zinc supplementation during the diarrheal illness, but its mode of delivery and cost effectiveness are yet to be decided.

Efficacy of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum-Added Oral Rehydration Solution in the Treatment of Severe Cholera in Adults

“…After initial screening, patients were taken to the research ward of Dhaka Hospital, weighed, and placed on a cholera cot. A standard medical history, thorough physical examination including assessment of dehydration using modified WHO guidelines [27] and vital signs were recorded in predesigned forms. The patient enrolment in the study was done from 06:00 to 14:00 h, 7 days a week.…”

Evaluation of Faecal Occult Blood Test and Lactoferrin Latex Agglutination Test in Screening Hospitalized Patients for Diagnosing Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Diarrhoea in Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…The possible reasons for the failure of LT to differentiate ID from NID are: (1) 45% children were younger than 2 years, many of whom were breast-fed showing false-positive results, as reported by frequent false-positive results in breast-fed infants [19, 20, 31], and (2) 4.2% children were severely malnourished showing false-negative results due to reduced inflammatory response.…”

“…In 1979, a longitudinal surveillance system for infectious diarrhoea was established at the Dhaka Hospital, ICDDR,B, and initially 4% sample of all patients attending were enrolled to study the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of diarrhoeal diseases [19]. Patients were categorized as having one of the following clinical types of diarrhoea: (1) acute watery diarrhoea, (2) invasive diarrhoea, or (3) persistent diarrhoea [20]. The study was approved by the Research and Ethical Review Committees of ICDDR,B.…”

Chiropractic Antivaccination Arguments

“…31,32 Antibiotics have greatly reduced the high rates of morbidity and mortality previously associated with many enteric and respiratory bacterial infections. 33,34 Nevertheless, this is only part of the story, as the following examples show. Although improvements in sanitation during the first half of the 20th century reduced the number of polioviral infections, these actually contributed to the increased incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis.…”